{"id":11886,"date":"2016-04-19T09:37:14","date_gmt":"2016-04-19T09:37:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/?page_id=11886"},"modified":"2022-10-14T11:54:39","modified_gmt":"2022-10-14T11:54:39","slug":"gamma-ray-attenuation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter\/gamma-ray-attenuation\/","title":{"rendered":"Gamma Ray Attenuation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Gamma ray attenuation is a concept used for the approximate calculation of radiation shielding. It is based on the theory that gamma rays can never be completely stopped but only attenuated. The attenuation of gamma rays is the fraction of rays that come through an absorber without interacting.<\/div><\/div>\n<p>If <strong>monoenergetic gamma rays<\/strong> are collimated into a <strong>narrow beam<\/strong> and if the detector behind the material only detects the gamma rays that passed through that material without any kind of interaction with this material, then the dependence should be simple <strong>exponential attenuation of gamma rays<\/strong>. Each interaction removes the photon from the beam either by absorption or by scattering away from the detector direction. Therefore the interactions can be characterized by a fixed probability of occurrence per unit path length in the absorber. The sum of these probabilities is called the <strong>linear attenuation coefficient<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u03bc = \u03c4<sub>(photoelectric)<\/sub> + \u00a0\u03c3<sub>(Compton)<\/sub> + \u03ba<sub>(pair)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11791\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11791\" style=\"width: 560px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/attenuation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11791\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/attenuation.png\" alt=\"Gamma rays attuenuation\" width=\"570\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/attenuation.png 570w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/attenuation-300x188.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11791\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The relative importance of various processes of gamma radiation interaction with matter.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>See also: <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/x-rays-roentgen-radiation\/x-ray-attenuation\/\">X-ray Attenuation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The total cross-section of the interaction of gamma rays with an atom is equal to the sum of all three mentioned partial cross-sections:<strong>\u03c3 = \u03c3<sub>f<\/sub> + \u03c3<sub>C<\/sub> + \u03c3<sub>p\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u03c3<sub>f<\/sub> &#8211; Photoelectric effect<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u03c3<sub>C<\/sub> &#8211; Compton scattering<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u03c3<sub>p<\/sub> &#8211; Pair production<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>One of the three partial cross-sections may become much larger than the other two depending on the gamma-ray energy and the absorber material. At small values of gamma-ray energy, the<strong> photoelectric effect<\/strong> dominates. <strong>Compton scattering<\/strong> dominates at intermediate energies. The Compton scattering also increases with decreasing atomic number of matter. Therefore the interval of domination is wider for light nuclei. Finally, <strong>electron-positron pair production<\/strong> dominates at high energies. Based on the definition of interaction cross-section, the dependence of gamma rays intensity on the thickness of absorber material can be derived.<\/p>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"collapsible-container\">\n<h2>Linear Attenuation Coefficient<\/h2>\n<p>The following equation can then describe the attenuation of gamma radiation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>I=I<sub>0<\/sub>.e<sup>-\u03bcx<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Where I is intensity after attenuation, \u00a0I<sub>o<\/sub> is incident intensity, \u00a0\u03bc is the linear attenuation coefficient (cm<sup>-1<\/sup>), and the physical thickness of the absorber (cm).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11792\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11792\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/exponential-attenuation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11792\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/exponential-attenuation-300x217.png\" alt=\"Attenuation\" width=\"300\" height=\"217\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/exponential-attenuation-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/exponential-attenuation.png 305w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11792\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dependence of gamma radiation intensity on absorber thickness<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The materials listed in the table beside are air, water, and different elements from carbon (<i>Z<\/i>=6) to lead (<i>Z<\/i>=82). Their linear attenuation coefficients are given for three gamma-ray energies. There are two main features of the linear attenuation coefficient:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The linear attenuation coefficient increases as the atomic number of the absorber increases.<\/li>\n<li>The linear attenuation coefficient for all materials decreases with the energy of the gamma rays.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Half Value Layer<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/half-value-layers.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-12757\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/half-value-layers-291x300.png\" alt=\"half value layer\" width=\"291\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/half-value-layers-291x300.png 291w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/half-value-layers.png 306w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 291px) 100vw, 291px\" \/><\/a>The half-value layer expresses the thickness of absorbing material needed to reduce the incident radiation intensity by a <strong>factor of two<\/strong>. There are two main features of the half-value layer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <b>half-value layer<\/b> decreases as the atomic number of the absorber increases. For example, 35 m of air is needed to reduce the intensity of a 100 keV gamma-ray beam by a factor of two, whereas just 0.12 mm of lead can do the same thing.<\/li>\n<li>The <b>half-value layer<\/b> for all materials increases with the energy of the gamma rays. For example, from 0.26 cm for iron at 100 keV to about 1.06 cm at 500 keV.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Mass Attenuation Coefficient<\/h2>\n<p>When characterizing an absorbing material, we can sometimes use the mass attenuation coefficient. \u00a0<strong>The mass attenuation coefficient<\/strong> is defined as the ratio of the linear attenuation coefficient and absorber density <strong>(\u03bc\/\u03c1)<\/strong>. The following equation can then describe the attenuation of gamma radiation:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>I=I<sub>0<\/sub>.e<sup>-(\u03bc\/\u03c1).\u03c1l<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>, where \u03c1 is the material density, (\u03bc\/\u03c1) is the mass attenuation coefficient, and \u03c1.l is the mass thickness. The measurement unit was used for the mass attenuation coefficient cm<sup>2<\/sup>g<sup>-1<\/sup>. For intermediate energies, the Compton scattering dominates, and different absorbers have approximately equal mass attenuation coefficients. This is because the cross-section of Compton scattering is proportional to the Z (atomic number), and therefore the coefficient is proportional to the material density \u03c1. At small gamma-ray energy values or at high gamma-ray energy values, where the coefficient is proportional to higher powers of the atomic number Z (for photoelectric effect \u03c3<sub>f<\/sub> ~ Z<sup>5<\/sup>; for pair production \u03c3<sub>p<\/sub> ~ Z<sup>2<\/sup>), the attenuation coefficient \u03bc is not a constant.<\/p>\n<h2>Example<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">How much water shielding do you require if you want to reduce the intensity of a 500 keV <strong>monoenergetic<\/strong> gamma-ray beam (<strong>narrow beam<\/strong>) to <strong>1%<\/strong> of its incident intensity? The half-value layer for 500 keV gamma rays in water is 7.15 cm, and the linear attenuation coefficient for 500 keV gamma rays in water is 0.097 cm<sup>-1<\/sup>. <\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The question is quite simple and can be described by the following equation:<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img class=\"mathtex-equation-editor aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chart.apis.google.com\/chart?cht=tx&amp;chl=I(x)%3D%5Cfrac%7BI_%7B0%7D%7D%7B100%7D%2C%5C%3B%5C%3B%20when%5C%3B%20x%20%3D%3F%20\" alt=\"I(x)=\\frac{I_{0}}{100},\\;\\; when\\; x =? \" align=\"absmiddle\" \/><\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">If the half-value layer for water is 7.15 cm, the linear attenuation coefficient is:<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img class=\"mathtex-equation-editor aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chart.apis.google.com\/chart?cht=tx&amp;chl=%5Cmu%3D%5Cfrac%7Bln2%7D%7B7.15%7D%3D0.097cm%5E%7B-1%7D\" alt=\"\\mu=\\frac{ln2}{7.15}=0.097cm^{-1}\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/><\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Now we can use the exponential attenuation equation:<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img class=\"mathtex-equation-editor aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chart.apis.google.com\/chart?cht=tx&amp;chl=I(x)%3DI_0%5C%3Bexp%5C%3B(-%5Cmu%20x)\" alt=\"I(x)=I_0\\;exp\\;(-\\mu x)\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/><\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img class=\"mathtex-equation-editor aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chart.apis.google.com\/chart?cht=tx&amp;chl=%5Cfrac%7BI_0%7D%7B100%7D%3DI_0%5C%3Bexp%5C%3B(-0.097%20x)\" alt=\"\\frac{I_0}{100}=I_0\\;exp\\;(-0.097 x)\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/><\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">therefore<\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img class=\"mathtex-equation-editor aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chart.apis.google.com\/chart?cht=tx&amp;chl=%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B100%7D%3D%5C%3Bexp%5C%3B(-0.097%20x)\" alt=\"\\frac{1}{100}=\\;exp\\;(-0.097 x)\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/><\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img class=\"mathtex-equation-editor aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chart.apis.google.com\/chart?cht=tx&amp;chl=ln%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B100%7D%3D-ln%5C%3B100%3D-0.097%20x\" alt=\"ln\\frac{1}{100}=-ln\\;100=-0.097 x\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/><\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img class=\"mathtex-equation-editor aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chart.apis.google.com\/chart?cht=tx&amp;chl=x%3D%5Cfrac%7Bln100%7D%7B%7B0.097%7D%7D%3D47.47%5C%3Bcm\" alt=\"x=\\frac{ln100}{{0.097}}=47.47\\;cm\" align=\"absmiddle\" \/><\/span><span style=\"color: #333333;\">So the required thickness of water is about <strong>47.5 cm<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0This is a relatively large thickness, and it is caused by small atomic numbers of hydrogen and oxygen. If we calculate the same problem for <strong>lead (Pb)<\/strong>, we obtain the thickness <strong>x=2.8cm<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Linear Attenuation Coefficients &#8211; Tables<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Table of Linear Attenuation Coefficients<\/strong> (in cm-1) for different materials at gamma-ray energies of 100, 200, and 500 keV.<\/p>\n<table rules=\"rows\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Absorber<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">100 keV<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">200 keV<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">500 keV<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Air<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.0195\/m<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.0159\/m<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.0112\/m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Water<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.167\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.136\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.097\/cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Carbon<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.335\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.274\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.196\/cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Aluminium<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.435\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.324\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.227\/cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Iron<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2.72\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1.09\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.655\/cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Copper<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3.8\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1.309\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.73\/cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Lead<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">59.7\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">10.15\/cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1.64\/cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Half Value Layers<\/p>\n<p><strong>Table of Half Value Layers<\/strong> (in cm) for different materials at gamma-ray energies of 100, 200, and 500 keV.<\/p>\n<table rules=\"rows\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Absorber<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">100 keV<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">200 keV<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">500 keV<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Air<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3555 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">4359 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">6189 cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Water<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">4.15 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">5.1 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">7.15 cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Carbon<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2.07 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2.53 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3.54 cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Aluminium<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1.59 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2.14 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3.05 cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Iron<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.26 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.64 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1.06 cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Copper<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.18 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.53 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.95 cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Lead<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a00.012 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a00.068 cm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a00.42 cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Validity of Exponential Law<\/h2>\n<p>The exponential law will always describe the attenuation of the primary radiation by matter. If secondary particles are produced, or the primary radiation changes its energy or direction, the effective attenuation will be much less. The radiation will penetrate more deeply into matter than is predicted by the exponential law alone. The process must be taken into account when evaluating the effect of radiation shielding.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11803\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11803\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/secondary_length.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11803\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/secondary_length-300x165.png\" alt=\"Example of build-up of secondary particles. Strongly depends on character and parameters of primary particles. \" width=\"300\" height=\"165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/secondary_length-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/secondary_length.png 698w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11803\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a build-up of secondary particles. Strongly depends on the character and parameters of primary particles.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Build-up Factors for Gamma Rays Shielding<\/h2>\n<p>The <strong>build-up factor<\/strong> is a correction factor that considers the influence of the scattered radiation plus any <strong>secondary particles<\/strong> in the medium during shielding calculations. If we want to account for the build-up of secondary radiation, then we have to include the <strong>build-up factor<\/strong>. The build-up factor is then a multiplicative factor that accounts for the response to the un-collided photons to include the contribution of the scattered photons. Thus, the build-up factor can be obtained as a ratio of the total dose to the response for un-collided dose.<\/p>\n<p>See also: <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation\/shielding-gamma-radiation\/\">Gamma Rays Shielding<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>extended formula<\/strong> for the dose rate calculation is:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Buildup-Factor-in-Dose-Rate-Calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25983\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Buildup-Factor-in-Dose-Rate-Calculation.png\" alt=\"Buildup Factor\" width=\"689\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Buildup-Factor-in-Dose-Rate-Calculation.png 689w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Buildup-Factor-in-Dose-Rate-Calculation-300x152.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The ANSI\/ANS-6.4.3-1991 Gamma-Ray Attenuation Coefficients and Buildup Factors for Engineering Materials Standard, contains derived gamma-ray attenuation coefficients and build-up factors for selected engineering materials and elements for use in shielding calculations (ANSI\/ANS-6.1.1, 1991).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:20px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>See previous:<\/h2>\n<p>Pair Production<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter\/pair-production\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>See above:<\/h2>\n<p>Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i>  <\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If monoenergetic gamma rays are collimated into a narrow beam and if the detector behind the material only detects the gamma rays that passed through that material without any kind of interaction with this material, then the dependence should be simple exponential attenuation of gamma rays. Each interaction removes the photon from the beam either &#8230; <a title=\"Gamma Ray Attenuation\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter\/gamma-ray-attenuation\/\" aria-label=\"More on Gamma Ray Attenuation\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":11882,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"generate_page_header":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11886"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11886"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11886\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32508,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11886\/revisions\/32508"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11882"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11886"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}