{"id":16037,"date":"2017-12-06T18:07:10","date_gmt":"2017-12-06T18:07:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/?page_id=16037"},"modified":"2022-11-03T11:21:24","modified_gmt":"2022-11-03T11:21:24","slug":"properties-of-water","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-of-water\/","title":{"rendered":"Properties of Water"},"content":{"rendered":"<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/properties-of-water-min.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-16057\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/properties-of-water-min-166x300.jpg\" alt=\"properties of water\" width=\"166\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/properties-of-water-min-166x300.jpg 166w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/properties-of-water-min-566x1024.jpg 566w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/properties-of-water-min.jpg 574w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 166px) 100vw, 166px\" \/><\/a>Water<\/strong> is a transparent and nearly colorless substance composed of the chemical elements <strong>hydrogen<\/strong> and<strong> oxygen<\/strong>\u00a0that are connected by <strong>covalent bonds<\/strong>. Water exists in ga搜索引擎优化us (<strong>steam<\/strong> or <strong>water vapor<\/strong>), <strong>liquid<\/strong>, and <strong>solid states<\/strong> (ice), on Earth. It is one of the most plentiful and essential compounds, and it is the main constituent of Earth\u2019s streams, lakes, oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. \u00a0It is vital for all known forms of life.<\/p>\n<p>Besides being essential to life, water is a remarkable substance with many surprising properties.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is the <strong>only chemical compound<\/strong> that occurs <strong>naturally in all three physical states<\/strong> &#8211; ga搜索引擎优化us (steam or water vapor), liquid, and solid states (ice).<\/li>\n<li>It is the <strong>only inorganic liquid<\/strong> that occurs naturally on the Earth.<\/li>\n<li>Water also differs from most liquids in that it becomes <strong>less dense as it freezes<\/strong>. It has a maximum density of 3.98 \u00b0C (1000 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>), whereas the density of ice is 917 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>. It differs by about 9% and therefore<strong> ice floats<\/strong> on liquid water.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Water<\/strong> has the <strong>highest specific heat<\/strong> of any common substance &#8211; \u00a04.19 kJ\/kg K.<\/li>\n<li>It has very high heat of vaporization, which makes it an <strong>effective coolant<\/strong> and <strong>medium<\/strong> in thermal power plants and other energy industry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<h2>Uses of Water in Nuclear Engineering<\/h2>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<h2>Water as a reactor coolant<\/h2>\n<p><strong><br \/>\nWater and steam<\/strong> are common fluids used for<strong> heat exchange<\/strong> in the primary circuit (from the surface of fuel rods to the coolant flow) and in the secondary circuit. It used due to its <strong>availability<\/strong> and <strong>high heat capacity,<\/strong> both for cooling and heating. It is especially effective to transport heat through<strong> vaporization<\/strong> and <strong>condensation<\/strong> of water because of its <strong>very large latent heat of vaporization<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>A disadvantage is that water moderated reactors have to use the <strong>high-pressure primary circuit<\/strong> to keep water in the <strong>liquid state<\/strong> and achieve sufficient thermodynamic efficiency. Water and steam also react with metals commonly found in industries such as steel and copper, oxidized faster by untreated water and steam. In almost all thermal power stations (coal, gas, nuclear), water is used as the working fluid (used in a closed loop between boiler, steam turbine and condenser), and the coolant (used to exchange the waste heat to a water body or carry it away by evaporation in a cooling tower).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16050\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16050\" style=\"width: 256px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Steam-Tables.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16050\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Steam-Tables-266x300.png\" alt=\"Properties of water - steam tables\" width=\"266\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Steam-Tables-266x300.png 266w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Steam-Tables-908x1024.png 908w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Steam-Tables.png 1444w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16050\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steam Tables &#8211; common parameters in energy systems<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Water and steam<\/strong> are a common medium because their properties are very <strong>well known<\/strong>. Their properties are tabulated in so-called \u201c<strong>Steam Tables<\/strong>\u201d. In these tables, the basic and key properties, such as pressure, temperature, enthalpy, density, and specific heat, are tabulated along the vapor-liquid saturation curve as a function of both temperature and pressure. The properties are also tabulated for single-phase states (<strong>compressed water<\/strong> or <strong>superheated steam<\/strong>) on a grid of temperatures and pressures extending to 2000 \u00baC and 1000 MPa.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Further comprehensive authoritative data can be found at the <a href=\"http:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/fluid\/\">NIST Webbook<\/a> page on thermophysical properties of fluids.<\/p>\n<p>See also: Steam Tables<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Chart: Absolute pressure as a function of temperature of water<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_14175\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14175\" style=\"width: 468px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/water-pressure-boiling-point.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14175\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/water-pressure-boiling-point.png\" alt=\"Water: Absolute pressure as a function of temperature\" width=\"478\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/water-pressure-boiling-point.png 478w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/water-pressure-boiling-point-300x188.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 478px) 100vw, 478px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14175\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water: Absolute pressure as a function of temperature<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Chart: Density as a function of temperature of water<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_14174\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14174\" style=\"width: 467px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/water-density-temperature.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14174\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/water-density-temperature.png\" alt=\"Chart - density - water - temperature\" width=\"477\" height=\"336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/water-density-temperature.png 477w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/water-density-temperature-300x211.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 477px) 100vw, 477px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14174\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Density as a function of temperature of water<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Chart: Dynamic viscosity as a function of temperature of water<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_14173\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14173\" style=\"width: 390px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Dynamic-viscosity-of-water.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14173\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Dynamic-viscosity-of-water.png\" alt=\"Dynamic viscosity as a function of temperature of water\" width=\"400\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Dynamic-viscosity-of-water.png 400w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Dynamic-viscosity-of-water-280x300.png 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14173\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chart: Dynamic viscosity as a function of temperature of water<br \/>Source: wikipedia.org CC BY-SA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<h2>Water as a moderator<\/h2>\n<p><a title=\"Neutron Moderator\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/neutron-moderator\/\">The neutron moderator<\/a>, which is important in <strong>thermal reactors<\/strong>, is used to moderate, that is, to slow down neutrons from <a title=\"Nuclear Fission\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/\">fission<\/a> to <a title=\"Neutron Energy\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/neutron-energy\/\">thermal energies<\/a>. Nuclei with <strong>low mass numbers<\/strong> are most effective for this purpose, so the moderator is always a low-mass-number material. Commonly used moderators include regular <strong>(light) water<\/strong> (roughly 75% of the world\u2019s reactors), solid <strong>graphite<\/strong> (20% of reactors), and <strong>heavy water<\/strong> (5% of reactors).<\/p>\n<p><strong>In most nuclear reactors<\/strong>, water is both<strong> a coolant and a moderator<\/strong>. The moderation occurs especially on hydrogen nuclei. In the case of the <strong>hydrogen<\/strong> (A = 1) as the target nucleus, the incident neutron can be completely stopped &#8211; it has the highest <a title=\"Average Logarithmic Energy Decrement\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/glossary\/neutron-moderatoraverage-logarithmic-energy-decrement\/\">average logarithmic energy decrement<\/a> of all nuclei. On the other hand, hydrogen nuclei have a relatively higher <a title=\"Neutron Absorption Cross-section\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals\/neutron-nuclear-reactions\/neutron-absorption\/neutron-absorption-cross-section\/\">absorption cross section<\/a>. Therefore\u00a0water is not the best moderator according to <a title=\"Moderating Ratio \u2013 MR\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/glossary\/moderating-ratio-mr\/\">the moderating ratio<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Neutron-Moderators-Parameters.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-13684\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Neutron-Moderators-Parameters.png\" alt=\"Neutron Moderators - Parameters\" width=\"666\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Neutron-Moderators-Parameters.png 666w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Neutron-Moderators-Parameters-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Neutron-Moderators-Parameters-180x138.png 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/><\/a><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<h2>Water as a neutron shielding<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12727\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12727\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/shielding_neutrons.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12727\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/shielding_neutrons-300x275.png\" alt=\"Shielding of Neutron Radiation\" width=\"300\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/shielding_neutrons-300x275.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/shielding_neutrons-1024x939.png 1024w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/shielding_neutrons.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12727\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water as a neutron shield<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Water due to the high hydrogen content and the availability <strong>is efective<\/strong> and common <strong>neutron shielding<\/strong>. However, due to the low atomic number of hydrogen and oxygen, water is not an acceptable shield against gamma rays. On the other hand, in some cases, this disadvantage (low density) can be compensated by the high thickness of the water shield. \u00a0In the case of neutrons, water perfectly moderates neutrons, but with the absorption of neutrons by hydrogen nuclei, secondary gamma rays with high energy are produced. These gamma rays highly penetrate matter, and therefore, they can increase requirements on the thickness of the water shield. Adding a <a title=\"Boric Acid \u2013 Chemical Shim\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/glossary\/boron-10\/boric-acid-chemical-shim\/\">boric acid<\/a> can help with this problem (neutron absorbtion on boron nuclei without strong gamma emission) but results in other problems with corrosion of construction materials.<\/p>\n<p>See also: <a title=\"Shielding of Neutron Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/shielding-neutron-radiation\/\">Shielding of Neutrons<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<h2>Water as a gamma radiation shielding<\/h2>\n<p>In short, effective shielding of gamma radiation is in most cases based on use of materials with two following material properties:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>high-density of material. <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>high atomic number of material \u00a0(high Z materials)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16039\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16039\" style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/table-half-value-layer-gamma.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16039\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/table-half-value-layer-gamma.png\" alt=\"Table of Half Value Layers (in cm)\" width=\"270\" height=\"187\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16039\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Table of Half Value Layers (in cm) for different materials at gamma ray energies of 100, 200, and 500 keV.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Although water is <strong>neither<\/strong> <strong>high density<\/strong> <strong>nor<\/strong> <strong>high Z material<\/strong>, it is commonly used as gamma shields. Water provides a radiation shielding of fuel assemblies in a spent fuel pool during storage or transports from and into the <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor-core\/\">reactor core<\/a><\/strong>. Although water is a low-density material and low Z material, it is commonly used in nuclear power plants because these disadvantages can be compensated with increased thickness.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Half Value Layer of Water <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The half value layer expresses the thickness of absorbing material needed for reduction of the incident radiation intensity by a <strong>factor of two<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Table of Half Value Layers<\/strong> (in cm) for a different materials at gamma ray energies of 100, 200 and 500 keV.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References:<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><strong>Reactor Physics and Thermal Hydraulics:<\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading,\u00a0MA (1983).<\/li>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/li>\n<li>W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.<\/li>\n<li>Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering,\u00a0Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN:\u00a0978-0412985317<\/li>\n<li>Todreas Neil E., Kazimi Mujid S. Nuclear Systems Volume I: Thermal Hydraulic Fundamentals, Second Edition. CRC\u00a0Press; 2\u00a0edition, 2012, ISBN:\u00a0978-0415802871<\/li>\n<li>Zohuri B., McDaniel P. Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems. Springer; 2015, ISBN:\u00a0978-3-319-13419-2<\/li>\n<li>Moran Michal J., Shapiro Howard N. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Fifth Edition,\u00a0John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2006, ISBN:\u00a0978-0-470-03037-0<\/li>\n<li>Kleinstreuer C. Modern Fluid Dynamics. Springer, 2010,\u00a0ISBN 978-1-4020-8670-0.<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER,\u00a0AND FLUID FLOW.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook,\u00a0Volume 1, 2 and 3. June\u00a01992.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>See above:<\/h2>\n<p>Materials<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":16033,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"generate_page_header":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16037"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16037"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16037\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34371,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16037\/revisions\/34371"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16033"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16037"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}