{"id":16819,"date":"2018-02-12T17:51:36","date_gmt":"2018-02-12T17:51:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/?page_id=16819"},"modified":"2022-11-09T07:40:30","modified_gmt":"2022-11-09T07:40:30","slug":"what-is-ideal-gas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/what-is-ideal-gas\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Ideal Gas"},"content":{"rendered":"<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-quote-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">An <strong>ideal gas<\/strong> is defined as one in which all collisions between atoms or molecules are <strong>perfectly elastic<\/strong> and in which there are <strong>no intermolecular attractive forces<\/strong>. An ideal gas can be visualized as a collection of perfectly hard spheres that collide but otherwise do not interact with each other. In reality, no real gases are like an ideal gas, and therefore no real gases follow the<strong> ideal gas law<\/strong> or equation completely.<\/div><\/div>\n<p>At <a title=\"What is Temperature \u2013 Physics\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/\">temperatures<\/a> near a gases <a title=\"Saturation \u2013 Boiling Point\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/saturation-boiling-point\/\">boiling point<\/a>, increases in <a title=\"What is Pressure \u2013 Physics\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-pressure-physics\/\">pressure<\/a> will cause condensation and drastic decreases in volume. At very high pressures, the intermolecular forces of gas are significant. However, most gases are in approximate agreement at pressures and temperatures above their boiling point. The <strong>ideal gas law<\/strong> is utilized by engineers working with gases because it is <strong>simple to use<\/strong> and approximates real gas behavior.<\/p>\n<canvas id=\"the_canvas\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\"><\/canvas>\r\n<script>\r\n\r\nvar __VERSION__ = \"0.3.5\"\r\nvar inspector = {};\r\n\r\nvar Physics = {\r\n    \r\n    collide_balls: function(ball1, ball2) {\r\n        \/\/ calculate restitution\r\n        \/\/ TODO: add elasticity attr to circles\r\n        var ball1_elasticity = 1.0;\r\n        var ball2_elasticity = 1.0;\r\n        var restitution = ball1_elasticity * ball2_elasticity;\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ invert masses\r\n        var im1 = 1.0 \/ ball1.m;\r\n        var im2 = 1.0 \/ ball2.m;\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ get minimum translation distance\r\n        var delta = ball1.point().subtract(ball2.point());\r\n        var d = delta.get_length();\r\n        var mtd = delta.multiply(ball1.r + ball2.r - d).multiply(1.0 \/ d);\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ push-pull apart based on mass\r\n        var ball1_pt = ball1.point().add(mtd.multiply(im1 \/ (im1 + im2)));\r\n        var ball2_pt = ball2.point().subtract(mtd.multiply(im2 \/ (im1 + im2)));\r\n        ball1.set_point(ball1_pt.x, ball1_pt.y);\r\n        ball2.set_point(ball2_pt.x, ball2_pt.y);\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ calculate impact speed\r\n        var v = ball1.velocity().subtract(ball2.velocity());\r\n        var vn = v.dot(mtd.normalized());\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ positive vn means balls are already moving away for one another\r\n        if ( vn > 0 ) {\r\n            return;\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ collision impulse\r\n        var i = (-1.0 * (1.0 + restitution) * vn) \/ (im1 + im2);\r\n        var impulse = mtd.normalized().multiply(i);\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ transfer momentum\r\n        var v1 = ball1.velocity().add(impulse.multiply(im1));\r\n        var v2 = ball2.velocity().subtract(impulse.multiply(im2));\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ set new velocities\r\n        ball1.set_velocity(v1.x, v1.y);\r\n        ball2.set_velocity(v2.x, v2.y);\r\n    },\r\n    \r\n    bounce_ball_off_world: function(ball, world) {\r\n        \/\/ translate ball back inside world\r\n        var contact_pt = this.find_contact_point(world, ball);\r\n        ball.set_point(contact_pt.x, contact_pt.y);\r\n    \r\n        \/\/ reflect velocity of ball\r\n        var new_ball_vel = this.reflect_ball(world, ball);\r\n        ball.set_velocity(new_ball_vel.x, new_ball_vel.y);\r\n    },\r\n    \r\n    find_contact_point: function(world, ball) {\r\n        \/\/ see http:\/\/gamedev.stackexchange.com\/a\/29658\r\n        var A = world.point();\r\n        var B = ball.last_point();\r\n        var C = ball.point();\r\n        var R = world.r;\r\n        var r = ball.r;\r\n        \r\n        var AB = B.subtract(A);\r\n        var BC = C.subtract(B);\r\n        var AB_len = AB.get_length();\r\n        var BC_len = BC.get_length();\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ Avoid divide-by-zero erros (this should never really happen)\r\n        if ( ! BC_len ) {\r\n            return C;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var b = AB.dot(BC) \/ Math.pow(BC_len, 2) * -1;\r\n        var c = (Math.pow(AB_len, 2) - Math.pow(R - r, 2)) \/ Math.pow(BC_len, 2);\r\n        var d = b * b - c;\r\n        var k = b - Math.sqrt(d);\r\n        \r\n        if ( k < 0 ) {\r\n            k = b + Math.sqrt(d);\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        var BD = C.subtract(B);\r\n        var BD_len = BC_len * k;\r\n        BD.set_length(BD_len);\r\n        \r\n        var D = B.add(BD);\r\n        return D;\r\n    },\r\n    \r\n    reflect_ball: function(world, ball) {\r\n        \/\/ see http:\/\/stackoverflow.com\/a\/573206\/1093087\r\n        var world_pt = world.point();\r\n        var ball_pt = ball.point();\r\n        var v = ball.velocity();\r\n        var n = ball_pt.subtract(world_pt).normalized();\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ assume perfect elasticity for now\r\n        \/\/ TODO: add elasticity attr to balls\r\n        var ball_elasticity = 1.0;\r\n        var world_elasticity = 1.0;\r\n        var restitution = ball_elasticity * world_elasticity;\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ solve reflection\r\n        var u = n.multiply(v.dot(n));\r\n        var w = v.subtract(u);\r\n        var v_after = w.subtract(u);\r\n        var reflection = v_after.subtract(v).multiply(restitution);\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ return new velocity\r\n        var new_ball_vel = v.add(reflection);\r\n        return new_ball_vel\r\n    },\r\n    \r\n    polar_to_vector: function(distance, angle) {\r\n        var radians = angle * (Math.PI \/ 180);\r\n        return new Vec2d(distance * Math.cos(radians),\r\n            distance * Math.sin(radians));\r\n    },\r\n};\r\n\r\n\r\nvar Graphics = {\r\n\r\n    init: function(canvas) {\r\n        this.ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');\r\n        this.center_x = canvas.width \/ 2;\r\n        this.center_y = canvas.height \/ 2;\r\n    },\r\n\r\n    draw_circle: function(x, y, r, color, line_width, stroke_color) {\r\n        var screen_x = this.world_to_screen_x(x);\r\n        var screen_y = this.world_to_screen_y(y);\r\n\r\n        this.ctx.beginPath();\r\n        this.ctx.arc(screen_x, screen_y, r, 0, Math.PI * 2, false);\r\n        this.ctx.fillStyle = color;\r\n        this.ctx.fill();\r\n\r\n        if (line_width) {\r\n            this.ctx.lineWidth = line_width;\r\n            this.ctx.strokeStyle = stroke_color;\r\n            this.ctx.stroke();\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        this.ctx.closePath();\r\n    },\r\n\r\n    world_to_screen_x: function(x) {\r\n        return this.center_x + x;\r\n    },\r\n\r\n    world_to_screen_y: function(y) {\r\n        return this.center_y - y;\r\n    },\r\n};\r\n\r\n\r\nvar Random = {\r\n    integer: function(min, max) {\r\n        return min + Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1));\r\n    }\r\n};\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction Vec2d(x, y) {\r\n    this.x = x;\r\n    this.y = y;\r\n    \r\n    this.add = function(v2) {\r\n        return new Vec2d(this.x + v2.x, this.y + v2.y);\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.subtract = function(v2) {\r\n        return new Vec2d(this.x - v2.x, this.y - v2.y);\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.multiply = function(v2) {\r\n        if ( ! v2.length ) {\r\n            \/\/ v2 is a scalar\r\n            return new Vec2d(this.x * v2, this.y * v2);\r\n        }\r\n        else {\r\n            return new Vec2d(this.x * v2.x, this.y * v2.y);\r\n        }\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.get_length = function() {\r\n        return Math.sqrt((this.x * this.x) + (this.y * this.y));\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.set_length = function(new_length) {\r\n        var old_length = this.get_length();\r\n        this.x *= new_length\/old_length;\r\n        this.y *= new_length\/old_length;\r\n        return this;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.distance = function(v2) {\r\n        return Math.sqrt(Math.pow(this.x - v2.x, 2) + Math.pow(\r\n            this.y - v2.y, 2));\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.dot = function(v2) {\r\n        return (this.x * v2.x) + (this.y * v2.y);\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.normalized = function() {\r\n        var length = this.get_length();\r\n        \r\n        if ( length != 0 ) {\r\n            return new Vec2d(this.x \/ length, this.y \/ length);\r\n        }\r\n        else {\r\n            return new Vec2d(this.x, this.y);\r\n        }\r\n    };\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction Circle(x, y, r) {    \r\n    this.init = function(x, y, r) {\r\n        this.set_point(x, y);\r\n        this.r = r;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.point = function() {\r\n        return new Vec2d(this.x, this.y);\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.set_point = function(x, y) {\r\n        this.x = x;\r\n        this.y = y;\r\n        return this;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.contains_circle = function(c2) {\r\n        var d = this.point().distance(c2.point());\r\n        return d + c2.r - this.r < 0;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.overlaps_circle = function(c2) {\r\n        \/\/ overlap if combined length is less than distance (use squares for\r\n        \/\/ quicker calculations)\r\n        var dsq = Math.pow(c2.y - this.y, 2) + Math.pow(c2.x - this.x, 2);\r\n        var lsq = Math.pow(this.r + c2.r, 2);\r\n        return dsq < lsq;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    this.init(x, y, r);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction World() {\r\n    \/\/ parasitic inheritance\r\n    \/\/ see http:\/\/www.crockford.com\/javascript\/inheritance.html\r\n    var self = new Circle(0, 0, 100);\r\n    \r\n    self.balls = [];\r\n    \r\n    self.color = 'white';\r\n    self.line = 4;\r\n    self.stroke = 'lightgray';\r\n    \r\n    self.update = function() {\r\n        self.balls.map(function(ball) {\r\n            ball.update();\r\n        });\r\n        self.resolve_collisions();\r\n        self.enforce_boundaries();\r\n        return self;\r\n    };\r\n\r\n    self.draw = function () {\r\n        Graphics.draw_circle(self.x, self.y, self.r, self.color, self.line,\r\n            self.stroke);\r\n        self.balls.map(function(ball) {\r\n            ball.draw();\r\n        });\r\n        return self;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.enforce_boundaries = function() {\r\n        self.balls.map(function(ball) {\r\n            if (! self.contains_circle(ball)) {\r\n                Physics.bounce_ball_off_world(ball, self);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n        return self;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.resolve_collisions = function() {\r\n        for (var i=0; i<self.balls.length; i++) {\r\n            for (var j=i+1; j<self.balls.length; j++) {\r\n                if ( self.balls[i].collides_with(self.balls[j]) ) {\r\n                    self.balls[i].bounce_off(self.balls[j]);\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n        return self;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.add_ball = function(ball) {\r\n        self.balls.push(ball);\r\n        return self;\r\n    };\r\n\r\n    return self;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction Ball(x, y, r, color) {\r\n    var self = new Circle(x, y, r);\r\n    self.color = color;\r\n    \r\n    self.m = 10;\r\n    self.vx = 0;\r\n    self.vy = 0;\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ last point: this is needed to resolve collisions with world's wall\r\n    self.lx = undefined;\r\n    self.ly = undefined;\r\n    \r\n    self.max_speed = r \/ 2.0;\r\n    \r\n    self.update = function() {\r\n        self.move();\r\n    };\r\n\r\n    self.move = function() {\r\n        self.lx = self.x;\r\n        self.ly = self.y;\r\n        self.x += self.vx;\r\n        self.y += self.vy;\r\n        return self;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.last_point = function() {\r\n        return new Vec2d(self.lx, self.ly);\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.set_velocity = function(vx, vy) {\r\n        self.vx = vx;\r\n        self.vy = vy;\r\n        return self;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.velocity = function() {\r\n        return new Vec2d(self.vx, self.vy);\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.clamp_speed = function () {\r\n        var v = self.velocity();\r\n        var speed = v.get_length();\r\n        if (speed > self.max_speed) {\r\n            v.set_length(self.max_speed);\r\n            self.set_velocity(v.x, v.y);\r\n        }\r\n        return self;\r\n    };\r\n\r\n    self.draw = function () {\r\n        Graphics.draw_circle(self.x, self.y, self.r, self.color, 0);\r\n        return self;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.collides_with = function(ball) {\r\n        return self.overlaps_circle(ball);\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.bounce_off = function(ball) {\r\n        Physics.collide_balls(self, ball);\r\n        return self;\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.set_direction = function(degrees) {\r\n        var d = self.velocity().get_length();\r\n        var v = Physics.polar_to_vector(d, degrees);\r\n        self.set_velocity(v.x, v.y);\r\n        return self;        \r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    self.set_random_direction = function() {\r\n        return self.set_direction(Random.integer(0,360));\r\n    };\r\n    \r\n    return self;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction main() {\r\n    console.log('launching version: ' + __VERSION__);\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ load canvas and Graphics handler\r\n    var canvas = document.getElementById(\"the_canvas\");\r\n    Graphics.init(canvas);\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ set animation handler\r\n    var fps = 30;\r\n    var mspf = 1000 \/ fps;    \r\n    window.animate = (function () {\r\n        return window.requestAnimationFrame ||\r\n            window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame ||\r\n            window.mozRequestAnimationFrame ||\r\n            window.oRequestAnimationFrame ||\r\n            window.msRequestAnimationFrame ||\r\n            function (callback, element) {\r\n                window.setTimeout(callback, mspf);\r\n            };\r\n    })();\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ init balls\r\n    var red_ball = new Ball(0, 25, 5, 'blue');\r\n    red_ball.set_velocity(5, 0).set_random_direction();\r\n    var green_ball = new Ball(-17, -17, 5, 'blue');\r\n    green_ball.set_velocity(5, 0).set_random_direction();\r\n    var blue_ball = new Ball(17, -17, 5, 'blue');\r\n    blue_ball.set_velocity(5, 0).set_random_direction();\r\n    var ad_ball = new Ball(17, -17, 5, 'blue');\r\n    ad_ball.set_velocity(5, 0).set_random_direction();\r\n    var add_ball = new Ball(17, -17, 5, 'blue');\r\n    add_ball.set_velocity(5, 0).set_random_direction();\r\n    var addd_ball = new Ball(17, -17, 5, 'blue');\r\n    addd_ball.set_velocity(5, 0).set_random_direction();\r\n    var adddd_ball = new Ball(17, -17, 5, 'blue');\r\n    adddd_ball.set_velocity(5, 0).set_random_direction();\r\n    var addddd_ball = new Ball(17, -17, 5, 'blue');\r\n    addddd_ball.set_velocity(5, 0).set_random_direction();\r\n    var adddddd_ball = new Ball(17, -17, 5, 'blue');\r\n    adddddd_ball.set_velocity(5, 0).set_random_direction();\r\n    var addddddd_ball = new Ball(17, -17, 5, 'blue');\r\n    addddddd_ball.set_velocity(5, 0).set_random_direction();\r\n   \r\n   \r\n    \r\n    \/\/ init world\r\n    var world = new World();\r\n    world.add_ball(red_ball);\r\n    world.add_ball(green_ball);\r\n    world.add_ball(blue_ball);\r\n    world.add_ball(ad_ball);\r\n    world.add_ball(add_ball);\r\n    world.add_ball(addd_ball);\r\n    world.add_ball(adddd_ball);\r\n    world.add_ball(addddd_ball);\r\n    world.add_ball(adddddd_ball);\r\n    world.add_ball(addddddd_ball);\r\n    \r\n    \r\n   \r\n    \r\n    \/\/ attach world to window so that we can inspect\r\n    inspector.world = world;\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ animate\r\n    function anim_loop() {\r\n        world.update();\r\n        world.draw();\r\n        window.animate(anim_loop);\r\n    };\r\n    anim_loop();\r\n}\r\n\r\nmain();\r\n<\/script>\n<p>See also: <a title=\"Elastic Collisions\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/laws-of-conservation\/law-of-conservation-of-energy\/elastic-collisions\/\">Elastic Collision<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Equation of State<\/h2>\n<p>Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature and specific volume of a substance is called an <a title=\"Equation of State\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/equation-of-state\/\"><strong>equation of state<\/strong><\/a>. The simplest and\u00a0<strong>best-known<\/strong>\u00a0equation of state for substances in the gas phase is the\u00a0<strong>Ideal Gas equation<\/strong>\u00a0of state.<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>pV = nRT<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>where:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>p<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>absolute pressure<\/strong>\u00a0of the gas<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>n<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>amount<\/strong>\u00a0of substance<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>T<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>absolute temperature<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>V<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>volume<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>R<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0is the ideal, or universal,<strong>\u00a0gas constant<\/strong>, equal to the product of the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In this equation, the symbol R is a constant called the <strong>universal gas constant<\/strong>\u00a0that has the same value for all gases\u2014namely,\u00a0<strong>R = \u00a08.31 J\/mol K.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\u00a0 <div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References:<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><strong>Reactor Physics and Thermal Hydraulics:<\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading,\u00a0MA (1983).<\/li>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/li>\n<li>W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.<\/li>\n<li>Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering,\u00a0Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN:\u00a0978-0412985317<\/li>\n<li>Todreas Neil E., Kazimi Mujid S. Nuclear Systems Volume I: Thermal Hydraulic Fundamentals, Second Edition. CRC\u00a0Press; 2\u00a0edition, 2012, ISBN:\u00a0978-0415802871<\/li>\n<li>Zohuri B., McDaniel P. Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Systems. Springer; 2015, ISBN:\u00a0978-3-319-13419-2<\/li>\n<li>Moran Michal J., Shapiro Howard N. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Fifth Edition,\u00a0John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2006, ISBN:\u00a0978-0-470-03037-0<\/li>\n<li>Kleinstreuer C. Modern Fluid Dynamics. Springer, 2010,\u00a0ISBN 978-1-4020-8670-0.<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1, 2, and 3. June 1992.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-default\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>See above:<\/h2>\n<p>Ideal Gas Law<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At temperatures near a gases boiling point, increases in pressure will cause condensation and drastic decreases in volume. At very high pressures, the intermolecular forces of gas are significant. However, most gases are in approximate agreement at pressures and temperatures above their boiling point. The ideal gas law is utilized by engineers working with gases &#8230; <a title=\"What is Ideal Gas\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/what-is-ideal-gas\/\" aria-label=\"More on What is Ideal Gas\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":16385,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"generate_page_header":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16819"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16819"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16819\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34892,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16819\/revisions\/34892"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16385"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16819"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}