{"id":17942,"date":"2018-06-03T07:39:15","date_gmt":"2018-06-03T07:39:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/?page_id=17942"},"modified":"2023-01-24T14:35:29","modified_gmt":"2023-01-24T14:35:29","slug":"hp-turbine-high-pressure-steam-turbine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system\/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics\/hp-turbine-high-pressure-steam-turbine\/","title":{"rendered":"HP Turbine &#8211; High-pressure Steam Turbine"},"content":{"rendered":"<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<p>Most <strong>nuclear power plants<\/strong> operate a <strong>single-shaft turbine-generator<\/strong> that consists of one <strong>multi-stage HP turbine<\/strong> and <strong>three parallel multi-stage LP turbines<\/strong>, the main generator and an exciter.<\/p>\n<p><strong>HP Turbine<\/strong> (high-pressure turbine) is usually a double-flow turbine element with an impulse control stage followed by reaction blading at each end of the element. There are about 10 stages with shrouded blades in the HP turbine. It produces about 30-40% of the gross power output of the power plant unit.<\/p>\n<p>HP turbine is equipped usually with 3 or 4 self-regulating extraction lines, which are used to provide steam for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the deaerator<\/li>\n<li>the high-pressure feedwater heaters<\/li>\n<li>the feedwater pumps (when driven by steam turbines)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In HP turbine, the high-pressure stage receives <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/\">steam<\/a> (this steam is nearly saturated steam \u2013 x = 0.995 \u2013 point C at the figure; <strong>6 MPa<\/strong>; 275.6\u00b0C) from a steam generator and exhaust it to moisture separator-reheater (MSR &#8211; point D &#8211; ~<strong>1.15 MPa<\/strong>; ~186\u00b0C; x \u2248 0.9). The steam must be reheated to avoid damages that could be caused to the steam turbine blades by <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/vapor-quality-dryness-fraction\/\">low-quality steam<\/a>. High content of water droplets can cause rapid impingement and erosion of the blades, which occurs when condensed water is blasted onto the blades. The reheater heats the steam (point D), and then the steam is directed to the low-pressure stage of the steam turbine, where it expands (point E to F).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-youtube su-u-responsive-media-yes\"><\/iframe><\/div><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Steam-turbine-blades_2-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-17882\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Steam-turbine-blades_2-min-300x221.png\" alt=\"Steam turbine - blades_2-min\" width=\"300\" height=\"221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Steam-turbine-blades_2-min-300x221.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Steam-turbine-blades_2-min-220x161.png 220w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Steam-turbine-blades_2-min.png 559w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17781\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17781\" style=\"width: 639px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-Ts-diagram.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17781\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-Ts-diagram.png\" alt=\"Rankine Cycle - Ts diagram\" width=\"649\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-Ts-diagram.png 649w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-Ts-diagram-300x276.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17781\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rankine cycle &#8211; Ts diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Advantages and Disadvantages of Steam Turbines<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><strong>Advantages<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Since the steam turbine is a rotary heat engine, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator.<\/li>\n<li>The thermal efficiency of a steam turbine is usually higher than that of a reciprocating engine.<\/li>\n<li>The very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating engines.<\/li>\n<li>Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines.<\/li>\n<li>Steam turbines are suitable for large thermal power plants. They are made in various sizes up to 1.5 GW (2,000,000 hp) turbines used to generate electricity.<\/li>\n<li>In general, steam contains a high amount of enthalpy (especially in the form of heat of vaporization). This implies lower mass flow rates compared to gas turbines.<\/li>\n<li>In general, the turbine moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a reciprocating engine.<\/li>\n<li>Steam turbines have greater reliability, particularly in applications where sustained high power output is required.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Disadvantages<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Although approximately 90% of all electricity generation in the world uses steam turbines, they also have some disadvantages.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Relatively high overnight cost.<\/li>\n<li>Steam turbines are less efficient than reciprocating engines at part load operation.<\/li>\n<li>They have longer startup than gas turbines and surely than reciprocating engines.<\/li>\n<li>Less responsive to changes in power demand compared with gas turbines and with reciprocating engines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>[\/su_accordion]<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\u00a0 <div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Expansion in the high-pressure stage of the steam turbine<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">A high-pressure stage of steam turbine operates at steady state with inlet conditions of \u00a06 MPa, t = 275.6\u00b0C, x = 1 (point C). Steam leaves this stage of turbine at a pressure of 1.15 MPa, 186\u00b0C and x = 0.87 (point D). Calculate the enthalpy difference between these two states.\n<p>The enthalpy for the state C can be picked directly from steam tables, whereas the enthalpy for the state D must be calculated using vapor quality:<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>h<\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub>1, wet<\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em> = <\/em><\/strong><strong>2785 kJ\/kg<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>h<\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub>2, wet<\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em> = h<\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub>2,s<\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em> x + (1 \u2013 x ) h<\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub>2,l<\/sub><\/em><\/strong> \u00a0= 2782 . 0.87 + (1 \u2013 0.87) . 790 = 2420 + 103 = <strong>2523 kJ\/kg<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0394h = 262 kJ\/kg<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17846\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17846\" style=\"width: 659px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Steam-Turbine-scheme-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-17846\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Steam-Turbine-scheme-min-1024x529.png\" alt=\"Steam turbine of typical 3000MWth PWR\" width=\"669\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Steam-Turbine-scheme-min-1024x529.png 1024w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Steam-Turbine-scheme-min-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Steam-Turbine-scheme-min.png 1642w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17846\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Schema of a steam turbine of a typical 3000MWth PWR.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\u00a0 <div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References:<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><strong>Nuclear and Reactor Physics:<\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading,\u00a0MA (1983).<\/li>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/li>\n<li>W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.<\/li>\n<li>Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering,\u00a0Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN:\u00a0978-0412985317<\/li>\n<li>W.S.C. Williams. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467<\/li>\n<li>Kenneth S. Krane. Introductory Nuclear Physics, 3rd Edition, Wiley, 1987, ISBN: 978-0471805533<\/li>\n<li>G.R.Keepin. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co; 1st edition, 1965<\/li>\n<li>Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988.<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><\/strong><strong>Advanced Reactor Physics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>K. O. Ott, W. A. Bezella, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Statics, American Nuclear Society, Revised edition (1989), 1989, ISBN: 0-894-48033-2.<\/li>\n<li>K. O. Ott, R. J. Neuhold, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Dynamics, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN: 0-894-48029-4.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D. L. Hetrick, Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48453-2.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>E. E. Lewis, W. F. Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-default\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>See above:<\/h2>\n<p>Steam Turbine<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system\/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":17859,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"generate_page_header":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17942"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17942"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17942\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36931,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17942\/revisions\/36931"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17859"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17942"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}