{"id":20420,"date":"2018-12-02T10:48:06","date_gmt":"2018-12-02T10:48:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/?page_id=20420"},"modified":"2023-02-15T07:57:18","modified_gmt":"2023-02-15T07:57:18","slug":"convective-heat-transfer-coefficient","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/convection-convective-heat-transfer\/convective-heat-transfer-coefficient\/","title":{"rendered":"Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

The convective heat transfer coefficient,<\/strong> h, can be defined as:<\/p>\n

The rate of heat transfer between a solid surface and a fluid per unit surface area per unit temperature difference.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"convective<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n

Newton\u2019s Law of Cooling<\/h2>\n

Despite the complexity of convection<\/strong>, the rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be proportional<\/strong> to the temperature difference<\/strong>. It is\u00a0conveniently expressed by Newton\u2019s law of cooling<\/strong>, which states that:<\/p>\n

The rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body, and its surroundings, provided the temperature difference is small, and the nature of radiating surface remains the same.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"newton's<\/a><\/p>\n

Note that \u0394T<\/strong> is given by the surface or wall temperature<\/strong>, Twall,<\/sub> <\/strong>and the bulk temperature<\/strong>, T\u221e<\/sub><\/strong>, which is the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.<\/p>\n

Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient<\/h2>\n

As can be seen, the constant of proportionality<\/strong> will be crucial in calculations, and it is known as the convective heat transfer coefficient<\/strong>, h<\/strong>. The convective heat transfer coefficient,<\/strong> h, can be defined as:<\/p>\n

The rate of heat transfer between a solid surface and a fluid per unit surface area per unit temperature difference.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"convective<\/a><\/p>\n

\"convective<\/a>The convective heat transfer coefficient<\/strong> depends on the fluid\u2019s physical properties and the physical situation. The convective heat transfer coefficient is not a property of the fluid. It is an experimentally determined parameter whose value depends on all the variables influencing convection, such as the surface geometry<\/strong>, the nature of fluid motion<\/strong>, the properties of the fluid<\/strong>, and the bulk fluid velocity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Typically, the convective heat transfer coefficient<\/strong> for laminar flow<\/strong><\/a> is relatively low compared to the convective heat transfer coefficient<\/strong> for turbulent flow<\/strong><\/a>. This is due to turbulent flow having a thinner stagnant fluid film layer<\/strong> on the heat transfer surface.<\/p>\n

It must be noted this stagnant fluid film layer<\/strong> plays a crucial role in the convective heat transfer coefficient. It is observed that the fluid comes to a complete stop at the surface<\/strong> and assumes a zero velocity relative to the surface. This phenomenon is known as the no-slip condition, and therefore, at the surface, <\/strong>energy flow occurs purely by conduction. <\/strong>But in the next layers, both conduction and diffusion-mass movement occur at the molecular or macroscopic levels. Due to the mass movement, the rate of energy transfer is higher. As was written, nucleate boiling<\/strong> at the surface effectively disrupts this stagnant layer. Therefore, nucleate boiling significantly increases the ability of a surface to transfer thermal energy<\/a> to the bulk fluid.<\/p>\n

A similar phenomenon occurs for the temperature. It is observed that the fluid\u2019s temperature at the surface and the surface will have the same temperature<\/a> at the point of contact. This phenomenon is known as the no-temperature-jump condition, and it is very important for the theory of nucleate boiling.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Values of the heat transfer coefficient<\/strong>, h, have been measured and tabulated for the commonly encountered fluids and flow situations occurring during heat transfer by convection.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Thermal Resistance - Analogy to Electric Resistance<\/div>
See also: Thermal Resistance<\/a><\/p>\n

Thermal resistance<\/strong> is a heat property and a temperature difference measurement by which an object or material resists a heat flow. The thermal resistance for conduction in a plane wall is defined as:<\/p>\n

\"thermal<\/a><\/p>\n

The equation above can also be derived for convective heat transfer. For heat flow is analogous<\/strong>\u00a0to the relation for\u00a0electric current flow I<\/strong>, expressed as:<\/p>\n

\"analogy<\/a><\/p>\n

where\u00a0Re<\/sub>\u00a0= L\/\u03c3e<\/sub>A<\/strong>\u00a0is the electric resistance and V1<\/sub>\u00a0\u2013 V2<\/sub>\u00a0is the voltage difference across the resistance (\u03c3e<\/sub> is the electrical conductivity). The analogy between both equations is obvious. The heat transfer rate through a layer corresponds to the electric current, thermal resistance<\/strong> corresponds to electrical resistance, and temperature difference corresponds to the voltage difference across the layer. The temperature difference is the potential or driving function for the heat flow, resulting in the Fourier equation<\/strong> being written similarly to Ohm\u2019s Law of Electrical Circuit Theory.<\/p>\n

\"thermal<\/a>Circuit representations provide a useful\u00a0tool<\/strong> for conceptualizing and quantifying heat transfer problems. This analogy can also be used for the thermal resistance<\/strong> of the surface against heat convection. Note that when the convection heat transfer coefficient is very large (h \u2192 infinity), the convection resistance becomes zero and the surface temperature approaches the bulk temperature. This situation is approached in practice at surfaces where intensive boiling and condensation occur.<\/p>\n

The heat transfer through the\u00a0composite wall<\/strong> can be calculated from these resistances. The rate of steady heat transfer between two surfaces is equal to the temperature difference divided by the total thermal resistance between those two surfaces.<\/p>\n

\"thermal<\/a><\/p>\n

The equivalent thermal circuit for the plane wall with convection surface conditions is shown in the figure.<\/p>\n

See also:\u00a0Wiedemann\u2013Franz Law<\/strong><\/a><\/div><\/div>

<\/span> U-factor - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient<\/div>
Many of the heat transfer processes encountered in industry involve composite systems and even involve a combination of both conduction<\/a> and convection<\/a>. It is often convenient to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient, <\/strong>known as a U-factor with these composite systems<\/strong>. The U-factor is defined by an expression analogous to Newton\u2019s law of cooling<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

\"u-factor<\/a><\/p>\n

The overall heat transfer coefficient<\/strong> is related to the total thermal resistance<\/a> and depends on the geometry of the problem. For example, heat transfer<\/a> in a steam generator<\/a> involves convection from the bulk of the reactor coolant to the steam generator inner tube surface, conduction through the tube wall, and convection (boiling) from the outer tube surface to the secondary side fluid.<\/p>\n

In cases of combined heat transfer for a heat exchanger, there are two values for h. The convective heat transfer coefficient (h) for the fluid film inside the tubes and a convective heat transfer coefficient for the fluid film outside the tubes. The thermal conductivity<\/a> (k) and thickness (\u0394x) of the tube wall must also be accounted for.<\/p>\n

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient – Plane Wall<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"U-factor<\/a><\/p>\n

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient – Cylindrical Tubes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Steady heat transfer through multilayered cylindrical or spherical shells can be handled just like multilayered plane walls.<\/p>\n

\"Overall<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

Example: Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient<\/h2>\n

\"Convection<\/a>From: Example – Convective Heat Transfer<\/a><\/p>\n

Detailed knowledge of geometry, fluid parameters, the outer radius of cladding, linear heat rate, convective heat transfer coefficient allows us to calculate the temperature difference \u2206T\u00a0<\/strong>between the coolant (Tbulk<\/sub>) and the cladding surface (TZr,1<\/sub>).<\/p>\n

To calculate the cladding surface temperature, we have to know:<\/p>\n