{"id":21315,"date":"2019-03-26T19:19:57","date_gmt":"2019-03-26T19:19:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/?page_id=21315"},"modified":"2023-06-03T08:08:43","modified_gmt":"2023-06-03T08:08:43","slug":"aerogel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/insulation-materials\/aerogel\/","title":{"rendered":"Aerogel"},"content":{"rendered":"<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21225\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21225\" style=\"width: 224px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Aerogel-thermal-insulation-CC-public.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-21225\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Aerogel-thermal-insulation-CC-public-234x300.jpg\" alt=\"Aerogel - thermal insulation\" width=\"234\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Aerogel-thermal-insulation-CC-public-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Aerogel-thermal-insulation-CC-public.jpg 336w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 234px) 100vw, 234px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21225\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flower is on a piece of aerogel suspended over a flame from a Bunsen burner. Aerogel has excellent insulating properties, and the flower is protected from flame. Source: wikipedia.org License: Public Domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Aerogel<\/strong> is a synthetic porous ultralight solid material derived from a gel. The liquid component of the gel has been replaced with a gas (during a supercritical drying process). <strong>Aerogels<\/strong> can be made from various chemical compounds, but the base material for aerogel is usually silicon. Aerogel has a very low thermal conductivity of <strong>0.013 W\/m\u2219K<\/strong>. Its density is also very low, about 150 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>. These are remarkable thermal insulative properties. It must be noted that aerogels may have lower thermal conductivity than the gas (air has about 0.025 W\/m\u2219K) they contain. This is caused by the <strong>Knudsen effect<\/strong>, a reduction of thermal conductivity in gases when the size of the cavity encompassing the gas becomes comparable to the <strong>mean free path<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\u00a0 <div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Categorization of Insulation Materials<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">For insulation materials, three general categories can be defined. These categories are based on the chemical composition of the base material from which the insulating material is produced.\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Insulation-Materials-Types.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-21149\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Insulation-Materials-Types-1024x653.png\" alt=\"Insulation Materials - Types\" width=\"669\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Insulation-Materials-Types-1024x653.png 1024w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Insulation-Materials-Types-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Insulation-Materials-Types-460x295.png 460w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Insulation-Materials-Types.png 1029w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In further reading, there is a brief description of these types of insulation materials.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Inorganic Insulation Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As can be seen from the figure, inorganic materials can be classified accordingly:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fibrous materials\n<ul>\n<li>Glass wool<\/li>\n<li>Rock wool<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cellular materials\n<ul>\n<li>Calcium silicate<\/li>\n<li>Cellular glass<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Organic Insulation Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The organic insulation materials treated in this section are all derived from a petrochemical or renewable feedstock (bio-based). Almost all of the petrochemical insulation materials are in the form of polymers. As can be seen from the figure, all petrochemical insulation materials are cellular, and material is cellular when the material&#8217;s structure consists of pores or cells. On the other hand, many plants contain fibers for their strength. Therefore almost all the bio-based insulation materials are fibrous (except expanded cork, which is cellular).<\/p>\n<p>Organic insulation materials can be classified accordingly:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Petrochemical materials (oil\/coal derived)\n<ul>\n<li>Expanded polystyrene (EPS)<\/li>\n<li>Extruded polystyrene (XPS)<\/li>\n<li>Polyurethane (PUR)<\/li>\n<li>Phenolic foam<\/li>\n<li>Polyisocyanurate foam (PIR)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Renewable materials (plant\/animal derived)\n<ul>\n<li>Cellulose<\/li>\n<li>Cork<\/li>\n<li>Woodfibre<\/li>\n<li>Hemp fibre<\/li>\n<li>Flax wool<\/li>\n<li>Sheeps wool<\/li>\n<li>Cotton insulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Other Insulation Materials<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cellular Glass<\/li>\n<li>Aerogel<\/li>\n<li>Vacuum Panels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<h2>Thermal Conductivity of Aerogel<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thermal-Insulators-Parameters.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-21157\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thermal-Insulators-Parameters-225x300.png\" alt=\"Thermal Insulators - Parameters\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thermal-Insulators-Parameters-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thermal-Insulators-Parameters.png 358w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><a title=\"Thermal Conductivity\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/thermal-conduction\/thermal-conductivity\/\">Thermal conductivity<\/a> is defined as the amount of<a title=\"Heat in Thermodynamics\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/first-law-of-thermodynamics\/heat-in-thermodynamics\/\"> heat<\/a> (in watts) transferred through a square area of material of a given thickness (in meters) due to a difference in <a title=\"What is Temperature \u2013 Physics\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/\">temperature<\/a>. The lower the thermal conductivity of the material, the greater the material&#8217;s ability to resist heat transfer, and hence the greater the insulation&#8217;s effectiveness. <strong>Typical thermal conductivity values<\/strong> for aerogels<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>are\u00a0around\u00a0<strong>0.013W\/m\u2219K<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In general, <a title=\"Thermal Insulation \u2013 Thermal Insulator\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/thermal-insulation\/\">thermal insulation<\/a> is primarily based on the very low <a title=\"Thermal Conductivity of Fluids \u2013 Gases and Liquids\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/thermal-conduction\/thermal-conductivity\/thermal-conductivity-of-fluids-gases-and-liquids\/\">thermal conductivity of gases<\/a>. Gases possess poor thermal conduction properties compared to liquids and solids and thus make a good insulation material if they can be trapped (e.g., in a foam-like structure). Air and other gases are generally good insulators. But the main benefit is in the absence of convection. Therefore, many insulating materials (e.g., aerogel) function simply by having a large number of <strong>gas-filled pockets<\/strong> which <strong>prevent large-scale convection<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Alternation of gas pocket and solid material causes that the heat must be transferred through many interfaces causing rapid decrease in heat transfer coefficient.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<h2>Example &#8211; Aerogel<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/heat-loss-through-wall-example-calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-21148\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/heat-loss-through-wall-example-calculation-169x300.png\" alt=\"heat loss through wall - example - calculation\" width=\"169\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/heat-loss-through-wall-example-calculation-169x300.png 169w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/heat-loss-through-wall-example-calculation.png 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 169px) 100vw, 169px\" \/><\/a>A major source of <strong>heat loss<\/strong> from a house is through walls. Calculate the rate of <a title=\"Heat Flux Density \u2013 Thermal Flux\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/heat-flux-density-thermal-flux\/\">heat flux<\/a> through a wall 3 m x 10 m in the area (A = 30 m<sup>2<\/sup>). The wall is 15 cm thick (L<sub>1<\/sub>), and it is made of bricks with <a title=\"Thermal Conductivity\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/thermal-conduction\/thermal-conductivity\/\">thermal conductivity<\/a> of k<sub>1<\/sub> = 1.0 W\/m.K (poor thermal insulator). Assume that the indoor and the outdoor <a title=\"What is Temperature \u2013 Physics\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/\">temperatures<\/a> are 22\u00b0C and -8\u00b0C, and the <a title=\"Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/convection-convective-heat-transfer\/convective-heat-transfer-coefficient\/\">convection heat transfer coefficients<\/a> on the inner and the outer sides are h<sub>1<\/sub> = 10 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>K and h<sub>2<\/sub> = 30 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>K, respectively. Note that these convection coefficients strongly depend especially on ambient and interior conditions (wind, humidity, etc.).<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Calculate the heat flux (<a title=\"Heat Losses\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/\"><strong>heat loss<\/strong><\/a>) through this non-insulated wall.<\/li>\n<li>Now assume <strong>thermal insulation<\/strong> on the outer side of this wall. Use <strong>aerogel\u00a0insulation\u00a0<\/strong>10 cm thick (L<sub>2<\/sub>) with the thermal conductivity of k<sub>2<\/sub> = 0.03 W\/m.K and calculate the heat flux (<a title=\"Heat Losses\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/\"><strong>heat loss<\/strong><\/a>) through this composite wall.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Solution:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Many heat transfer processes involve composite systems and even involve a combination of <\/span><a class=\"editor-rtfLink\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/thermal-conduction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">conduction<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"editor-rtfLink\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/convection-convective-heat-transfer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">convection<\/span><\/a><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">.<\/span> <span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">It is often convenient to work with an<\/span><a class=\"editor-rtfLink\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/convection-convective-heat-transfer\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-u-factor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0overall heat transfer coefficient<\/span><\/strong><\/a><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">known as a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">U-factor<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0with these composite systems.<\/span>\u00a0The U-factor is defined by an expression analogous to <a title=\"Newton\u2019s Law of Cooling\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/convection-convective-heat-transfer\/newtons-law-of-cooling\/\"><strong>Newton&#8217;s law of cooling<\/strong><\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/u-factor-overall-heat-transfer-coefficient.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20390\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/u-factor-overall-heat-transfer-coefficient.png\" alt=\"u-factor - overall heat transfer coefficient\" width=\"314\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/u-factor-overall-heat-transfer-coefficient.png 314w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/u-factor-overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-300x130.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The <strong>overall heat transfer coefficient<\/strong> is related to the<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/thermal-conduction\/thermal-resistance-thermal-resistivity\/\"> total thermal resistance<\/a> and depends on the geometry of the problem.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>bare wall<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer through the plane wall and disregarding radiation, the <strong>overall heat transfer coefficient<\/strong> can be calculated as:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-heat-loss-calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21160\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-heat-loss-calculation.png\" alt=\"overall heat transfer coefficient - heat loss calculation\" width=\"343\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-heat-loss-calculation.png 343w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-heat-loss-calculation-300x175.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The <strong>overall heat transfer coefficient <\/strong>is then:<\/p>\n<p>U = 1 \/ (1\/10 + 0.15\/1 + 1\/30) = 3.53 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>K<\/p>\n<p>The heat flux can be then calculated simply as:<\/p>\n<p>q = 3.53 [W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>K] x 30 [K] = 105.9 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The total heat loss through this wall will be:<\/p>\n<p>q<sub>loss<\/sub> = q . A = 105.9 [W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>] x 30 [m<sup>2<\/sup>] = 3177W<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>composite wall with thermal insulation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer through the plane composite wall, no thermal contact resistance, and disregarding radiation, the <strong>overall heat transfer coefficient<\/strong> can be calculated as:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-thermal-insulation-calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21159\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-thermal-insulation-calculation.png\" alt=\"overall heat transfer coefficient - thermal insulation calculation\" width=\"423\" height=\"211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-thermal-insulation-calculation.png 423w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-thermal-insulation-calculation-300x150.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/example-aerogel-insulation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-21227\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/example-aerogel-insulation-171x300.png\" alt=\"aerogel insulation\" width=\"171\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/example-aerogel-insulation-171x300.png 171w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/example-aerogel-insulation.png 491w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 171px) 100vw, 171px\" \/><\/a>The <strong>overall heat transfer coefficient <\/strong>is then:<\/p>\n<p>U = 1 \/ (1\/10 + 0.15\/1 + 0.1\/0.013 + 1\/30) = 0.125 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>K<\/p>\n<p>The heat flux can be then calculated simply as:<\/p>\n<p>q = 0.125 [W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>K] x 30 [K] = 3.76 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The total heat loss through this wall will be:<\/p>\n<p>q<sub>loss<\/sub> = q . A = 3.76 [W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>] x 30 [m<sup>2<\/sup>] = 113 W<\/p>\n<p>As can be seen, adding a thermal insulator causes a significant decrease in heat losses. It must be added that adding the next layer of the thermal insulator does not cause such high savings. This can be better seen from the thermal resistance method, which can be used to calculate the heat transfer through <strong>composite walls<\/strong>. The rate of steady heat transfer between two surfaces is equal to the temperature difference divided by the total <a title=\"Thermal Resistance \u2013 Thermal Resistivity\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/thermal-conduction\/thermal-resistance-thermal-resistivity\/\">thermal resistance<\/a> between those two surfaces.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/thermal-resistance-equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20128\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/thermal-resistance-equation.png\" alt=\"thermal resistance - equation\" width=\"601\" height=\"73\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/thermal-resistance-equation.png 601w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/thermal-resistance-equation-300x36.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\u00a0 <div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References:<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><strong>Heat Transfer:<\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li>Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th Edition. Theodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Incorporated, 2011. ISBN: 9781118137253.<\/li>\n<li>Heat and Mass Transfer. Yunus A. Cengel. McGraw-Hill Education, 2011. ISBN: 9780071077866.<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 of 3. May 2016.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Nuclear and Reactor Physics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983).<\/li>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/li>\n<li>W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.<\/li>\n<li>Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317<\/li>\n<li>W.S.C. Williams. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467<\/li>\n<li>G.R.Keepin. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co; 1st edition, 1965<\/li>\n<li>Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988.<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993.<\/li>\n<li>Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. EDP Sciences, 2008. ISBN: 978-2759800414.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><\/strong><strong>Advanced Reactor Physics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>K. O. Ott, W. A. Bezella, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Statics, American Nuclear Society, Revised edition (1989), 1989, ISBN: 0-894-48033-2.<\/li>\n<li>K. O. Ott, R. J. Neuhold, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Dynamics, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN: 0-894-48029-4.<\/li>\n<li>D. L. Hetrick, Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48453-2.<\/li>\n<li>E. E. Lewis, W. F. Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-default\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>See above:<\/h2>\n<p>Insulation Materials<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/insulation-materials\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":21173,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"generate_page_header":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21315"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21315"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21315\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37580,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21315\/revisions\/37580"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21173"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}