{"id":24061,"date":"2019-06-11T18:57:22","date_gmt":"2019-06-11T18:57:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/?page_id=24061"},"modified":"2023-06-09T07:17:19","modified_gmt":"2023-06-09T07:17:19","slug":"radiation-protection","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/","title":{"rendered":"Radiation Protection"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"sue-icon\" style=\"font-size:25px;color:#333333;margin:0px 20px 20px 0px\" target=\"_self\"><i class=\"sui sui-arrow-circle-up\" style=\"font-size:30px;line-height:30px;background:#eeeeee;color:#777777;-webkit-border-radius:60px;-moz-border-radius:60px;border-radius:60px;padding:4px\"><\/i><span class=\"sue-icon-text\">Mega menu<\/span><\/a>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"sue-icon\" style=\"font-size:25px;color:#333333;margin:0px 20px 20px 0px\" target=\"_self\"><i class=\"sui sui-arrow-circle-down\" style=\"font-size:30px;line-height:30px;background:#eeeeee;color:#777777;-webkit-border-radius:60px;-moz-border-radius:60px;border-radius:60px;padding:4px\"><\/i><span class=\"sue-icon-text\">Thematic menu<\/span><\/a>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"sue-shadow-wrap sue-content-wrap sue-shadow-inline-no\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"sue-shadow sue-shadow-style-vertical\">\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"sue-panel\" data-url=\"\" data-target=\"self\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:0px;-moz-border-radius:0px;-webkit-border-radius:0px;box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;border:1px solid #cccccc\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"sue-panel-content sue-content-wrap\" style=\"padding:15px;text-align:left\">\n<div class=\"su-heading su-heading-style-modern-1-dark su-heading-align-left\" id=\"\" style=\"font-size:13px;margin-bottom:20px\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-heading-inner\">\n<h2>Radiation<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<h3>What is ionizing radiation?<\/h3>\n<p>A material is defined as a substance (most often a solid, but other condensed phases can be included) intended for certain applications. There is a myriad of materials around us \u2013 they can be found in anything from buildings to spacecraft.<\/p>\n<h3>Key Facts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Ionizing radiation has different ionization mechanisms and may be grouped as:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Directly ionizing<\/strong>. Charged particles (<strong>atomic nuclei, electrons, positrons, protons, muons, etc.<\/strong>) can ionize atoms directly through fundamental interaction through the Coulomb force if they carry sufficient kinetic energy.\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Alpha Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/alpha-radiation\/\"><strong>Alpha radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Alpha radiation consists of <a title=\"Alpha Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\">alpha particles<\/a> at high energy\/speed. The production of alpha particles is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/alpha-decay-alpha-radioactivity\/\">alpha decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Beta Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/beta-radiation\/\"><strong>Beta radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Beta radiation consists of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/\">free electrons<\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron\/what-is-positron-properties\/\">positrons<\/a> at relativistic speeds. The production of beta particles is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/beta-decay-beta-radioactivity\/\">beta decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indirectly ionizing<\/strong>. Indirect ionizing radiation is electrically neutral particles and does not interact strongly with matter.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Photon radiation<\/strong>\u00a0(<a title=\"Gamma Rays \/ Gamma Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">Gamma rays<\/a>\u00a0or <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/x-rays-roentgen-radiation\/\">X-rays<\/a>). Photon radiation consists of high-energy <a title=\"Photon \u2013 Fundamental Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/\">photons<\/a>. According to the currently valid definition,\u00a0<strong>X-rays are emitted by electrons<\/strong>\u00a0outside the nucleus, while\u00a0<strong>gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus<\/strong>.\u00a0The production of gamma rays is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/gamma-decay-gamma-radioactivity\/\">gamma decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\"><strong>Neutron radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Neutron radiation consists of <a title=\"Free Neutron\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/free-neutron\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free neutrons<\/a> at any energy\/speed. This type of radiation can be produced by <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/what-is-nuclear-reactor\/\">nuclear reactors<\/a> or flight, and <strong>neutrons\u00a0contribute 40 \u2013 80%<\/strong>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/equivalent-dose\/\">equivalent dose.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>There are three main types of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/detectors-of-ionization-radiation\/\">radiation detectors<\/a> that record different\u00a0signals.\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/ga搜索引擎优化us-ionization-detector\/geiger-counter-geiger-mueller-detector\/\"><strong>Counter<\/strong><\/a>. The\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/activity-specific-activity\/\">activity<\/a>\u00a0or intensity of radiation is measured in\u00a0<strong>counts per second<\/strong> (cps).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/gamma-spectroscopy\/gamma-ray-spectroscope\/\"><strong>Radiation Spectrometer<\/strong><\/a>. Spectrometers are devices designed to measure the spectral power distribution of a source.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-dosimetry\/radiation-dosimeter\/personal-dosimeter\/\"><strong>Dosimeter<\/strong><\/a>. A radiation dosimeter is a device that measures exposure to ionizing radiation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>In general, there are two broad categories of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/\"><strong>radiation sources<\/strong><\/a>:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/natural-background-radiation\/\"><strong>Natural Background Radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Natural background radiation includes radiation produced by the Sun, lightning, primordial radioisotopes, supernova explosions, etc.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/man-made-sources-of-radiation\/\"><strong>Man-Made Sources of Radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Manufactured sources include medical uses of radiation, residues from nuclear tests, industrial uses of radiation, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/quantities-and-units-of-radiation\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-25493\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Radiation-Measuring-and-Monitoring-Quantities-and-Limits-min-300x176.png\" alt=\"Radiation Measuring and Monitoring - Quantities and Limits\" width=\"300\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Radiation-Measuring-and-Monitoring-Quantities-and-Limits-min-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Radiation-Measuring-and-Monitoring-Quantities-and-Limits-min-768x450.png 768w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Radiation-Measuring-and-Monitoring-Quantities-and-Limits-min-1024x600.png 1024w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Radiation-Measuring-and-Monitoring-Quantities-and-Limits-min.png 1141w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:10px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\">\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-modern-light su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Fear of Radiation \u2013 Is it rational?<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><strong>Fear of Radiation \u2013 Is it rational?<\/strong>\n<p><strong>Radiation is all around us.<\/strong>\u00a0We are continually exposed to\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/natural-background-radiation\/\">natural background radiation<\/a>,\u00a0and it seems to be without any problem. Yes,\u00a0<strong>high doses<\/strong> of ionizing radiation are harmful and potentially lethal to living beings, but these doses must be high. Moreover, what is not harmful in high doses? Even a high amount of water can be lethal to living beings.<\/p>\n<p>The truth about<strong>\u00a0low-dose radiation<\/strong> health effects still needs to be found. It is unknown whether these low doses of radiation are detrimental or beneficial (and where is the threshold).<\/p>\n<p>But finally, if you compare risks, which arise from the existence of the radiation, natural or artificial, with risks that arise from everyday life, you must conclude that<strong>\u00a0fear of radiation is irrational<\/strong>. Humans are often inconsistent in our treatment of perceived risks. Even though two situations may have similar risks, people will find one permissible and another unjustifiably dangerous.<\/p>\n<p>See also:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/fear-of-radiation-is-it-rational\/\"><strong>Fear of Radiation \u2013 Is it rational?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-modern-light su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>What are the 4 types of radiation?<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<strong>What are the 4 types of radiation?<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Ionizing radiation has different ionization mechanisms and may be grouped as:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Directly ionizing<\/strong>. Charged particles (<strong>atomic nuclei, electrons, positrons, protons, muons, etc.<\/strong>) can ionize atoms directly through fundamental interaction through the Coulomb force if they carry sufficient kinetic energy.\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Alpha Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/alpha-radiation\/\"><strong>Alpha radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Alpha radiation consists of <a title=\"Alpha Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\">alpha particles<\/a> at high energy\/speed. The production of alpha particles is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/alpha-decay-alpha-radioactivity\/\">alpha decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Beta Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/beta-radiation\/\"><strong>Beta radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Beta radiation consists of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/\">free electrons<\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron\/what-is-positron-properties\/\">positrons<\/a> at relativistic speeds. The production of beta particles is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/beta-decay-beta-radioactivity\/\">beta decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indirectly ionizing<\/strong>. Indirect ionizing radiation is electrically neutral particles and does not interact strongly with matter.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Photon radiation<\/strong>\u00a0(<a title=\"Gamma Rays \/ Gamma Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">Gamma rays<\/a>\u00a0or <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/x-rays-roentgen-radiation\/\">X-rays<\/a>). Photon radiation consists of high-energy <a title=\"Photon \u2013 Fundamental Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/\">photons<\/a>. According to the currently valid definition,\u00a0<strong>X-rays are emitted by electrons<\/strong>\u00a0outside the nucleus, while\u00a0<strong>gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus<\/strong>.\u00a0The production of gamma rays is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/gamma-decay-gamma-radioactivity\/\">gamma decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\"><strong>Neutron radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Neutron radiation consists of <a title=\"Free Neutron\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/free-neutron\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free neutrons<\/a> at any energy\/speed. This type of radiation can be produced by <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/what-is-nuclear-reactor\/\">nuclear reactors<\/a> or flight, and<strong> neutrons\u00a0contribute 40 \u2013 80%<\/strong>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/equivalent-dose\/\">equivalent dose.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-modern-light su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>What are typical doses of radiation?<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<strong>What are typical doses of radiation?<\/strong>\n<p>We must note that<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/\">\u00a0radiation<\/a> is all around us. In, around, and above the world we live in. It is a natural energy force that surrounds us, and it is a part of our natural world that has been here since the birth of our planet. In the following points, we try to express enormous ranges of radiation exposure, which can be obtained from various sources.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>0.05 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Sleeping next to someone<\/li>\n<li><strong>0.09 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Living within 30 miles of a nuclear power plant for a year<\/li>\n<li><strong>0.1 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Eating one banana<\/li>\n<li><strong>0.3 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Living within 50 miles of a coal power plant for a year<\/li>\n<li><strong>10 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Average daily dose received from natural background<\/li>\n<li><strong>20 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Chest X-ray<\/li>\n<li><strong>40 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 A 5-hour airplane flight<\/li>\n<li><strong>600 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 mammogram<\/li>\n<li><strong>1 000 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Dose limit for individual members of the public, total effective dose per annum<\/li>\n<li><strong>3 650 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Average yearly dose received from natural background<\/li>\n<li><strong>5 800 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Chest CT scan<\/li>\n<li><strong>10 000 \u00b5Sv<\/strong> \u2013 Average yearly dose received from a natural background in Ramsar, Iran<\/li>\n<li><strong>20 000 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 single full-body CT scan<\/li>\n<li><strong>175 000 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Annual dose from natural radiation on a monazite beach near Guarapari, Brazil.<\/li>\n<li><strong>5 000 000 \u00b5Sv<\/strong> \u2013 Dose kills a human with a 50% risk within 30 days (LD50\/30) if the dose is received over a <strong>very short duration<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_24861\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-24861\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/ionizing-radiation-hazard-symbol.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24861\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/ionizing-radiation-hazard-symbol.png\" alt=\"ionizing radiation - hazard symbol\" width=\"220\" height=\"192\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-24861\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">ionizing radiation &#8211; hazard symbol<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Radiation protection<\/strong> is the science and practice of protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The International Atomic Energy Agency (<strong>IAEA<\/strong>) defines <strong>radiation protection<\/strong> as:<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u201cThe protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is a serious topic not only in <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/\">nuclear power plants<\/a> but also in industry or medical centers. According to the IAEA, radiation protection can be divided into three groups:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>occupational radiation protection, which is the protection of workers in situations where their exposure is directly related to or required by their work<\/li>\n<li>medical radiation protection, which is the protection of patients exposed to radiation as part of their diagnosis or treatment<\/li>\n<li>public radiation protection, which is the protection of individual members of the public and the population in general<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>According to the <strong>ICRP<\/strong> (Publication 103), the System of Radiological Protection is based on the following three principles:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Justification<\/strong>. <em>\u201cAny decision that alters the radiation exposure situation should do more good than harm.\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Optimization of Protection<\/strong>. <em>\u201cDoses should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable, taking into account economic and societal factors.\u201d (known as ALARA or ALARP)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Dose Limitation<\/strong>. <em>\u201cThe total dose to any individual \u2026 should not exceed the appropriate limits.\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>See also: ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37 (2-4).<\/p>\n<p>The International Commission on Radiological Protection (<strong>ICRP<\/strong>) is an independent, international, non-governmental organization created by the 1928 International Congress of Radiology to advance the science of radiological protection for the public. The ICRP is a sister organization to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (<strong>ICRU<\/strong>), which is a standardization body that develops concepts, definitions, and recommendations for the use of quantities and their units for ionizing radiation and its interaction with matter, in particular for the biological effects induced by radiation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>\u201cWhat<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">Most general definition of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/\">radiation<\/a><\/strong> is radiation that comes from a source and travels through some material or space. This is a very general definition, the kind of radiation discussed in this article is called <strong>ionizing radiation<\/strong>. Ionizing radiation is characterized by the <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-kinetic-energy\/\">kinetic energy<\/a> of particles (<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-proton-properties-of-proton\/\">photons<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron\/\">electrons<\/a>, etc.<\/strong>).\u00a0<strong>The particle can ionize<\/strong> (to form an ion by losing electrons) target atoms to form ions, so i<strong>onizing radiation is sufficient<\/strong>. Ionizing radiation can knock electrons from an atom.<\/div><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<h2>External Dose Uptake<\/h2>\n<p>External exposure is radiation that comes from outside our body and interacts with us. In this case, we analyze exposure predominantly from gamma rays since alpha and beta particles, in general, constitute no external exposure hazard because the particles generally do not pass through the skin. The source of radiation can be, for example, a piece of equipment that produces the radiation, like a container with radioactive materials or an x-ray machine. In radiation protection, there are three ways how to protect people from identified external radiation sources:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12696\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12696\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/radiation_protection_principles.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12696\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/radiation_protection_principles-300x233.gif\" alt=\"radiation protection pronciples - time, distance, shielding\" width=\"300\" height=\"233\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12696\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Principles of Radiation Protection &#8211; Time, Distance, Shielding<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Limiting Time.<\/strong> The amount of radiation exposure depends directly (linearly)<strong> on the time<\/strong> people spend near the radiation source, and the dose can be <strong>reduced by limiting exposure time<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li>\n<li><strong>Distance.<\/strong> The amount of radiation exposure depends on the distance from the radiation source. Like heat from a fire, if you are too close, the intensity of heat radiation is high, and you can get burned. If you are at the right distance, you can withstand there without any problems and are comfortable. If you are too far from the heat source, the insufficiency of heat can also hurt you. In a certain sense, this analogy can be applied to radiation also from radiation sources.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Shielding.<\/strong> Finally, if the source is too intensive and time or distance does not provide sufficient radiation protection, the shielding must be used. Radiation shielding usually consists of barriers of lead, concrete, or water. Many materials can be used for radiation shielding, but there are many situations in radiation protection. It depends on the type of radiation to be shielded, its energy, and many other parameters. For example, even depleted uranium can be used as good protection from gamma radiation, but on the other hand, uranium is absolutely inappropriate for <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/shielding-neutron-radiation\/\">shielding neutron radiation<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Internal Dose Uptake<\/h2>\n<p>If the radiation source is inside our body, we say it is internal exposure. The intake of radioactive material can occur through various pathways, such as ingesting radioactive contamination in food or liquids, and protection from internal exposure is more complicated. Most radionuclides will give you much more radiation dose if they can somehow enter your body than if they remain outside.<\/p>\n<h2>Public Exposure and Nuclear Power Plants<\/h2>\n<p>It must be noted that radiation is all around us. In, around, and above the world we live in. It is a part of our natural world that has been here since the birth of our planet. There are radioactive isotopes in our bodies, houses, air, water, and the ground \u2013 and we are exposed to radiation from outer space. This radiation is called natural background radiation.<\/p>\n<p>Exposure from <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/\">nuclear power plants<\/a> and their fuel cycle belongs to manufactured radiation sources. The most significant source of manufactured radiation exposure to the public is from medical procedures, such as diagnostic X-rays and nuclear medicine. Moreover, according to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), public exposure to radiation resulting from electricity generation by nuclear power plants is just a fraction of coal-powered plants.<\/p>\n<p>See also: SOURCES, EFFECTS, AND RISKS OF IONIZING RADIATION, UNSCEAR 2016. ISBN: 978-92-1-142316-7.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References:<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p><strong>Radiation Protection:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Knoll, Glenn F.,\u00a0Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition,\u00a0Wiley,\u00a08\/2010. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480.<\/li>\n<li>Stabin, Michael G., Radiation Protection, and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics, Springer, 10\/2010. ISBN-13: 978-1441923912.<\/li>\n<li>Martin, James E., Physics for Radiation Protection 3rd Edition,\u00a0Wiley-VCH, 4\/2013.\u00a0ISBN-13: 978-3527411764.<\/li>\n<li>U.S.NRC,\u00a0NUCLEAR REACTOR CONCEPTS<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook,\u00a0Volume 1 and 2.\u00a0January\u00a01993.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Nuclear and Reactor Physics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading,\u00a0MA (1983).<\/li>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/li>\n<li>W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.<\/li>\n<li>Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering,\u00a0Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN:\u00a0978-0412985317<\/li>\n<li>W.S.C. Williams. Nuclear and Particle Physics.\u00a0Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN:\u00a0978-0198520467<\/li>\n<li>G.R.Keepin. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics.\u00a0Addison-Wesley Pub. Co; 1st edition, 1965<\/li>\n<li>Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988.<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook,\u00a0Volume 1 and 2.\u00a0January\u00a01993.<\/li>\n<li>Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics.\u00a0EDP Sciences, 2008.\u00a0ISBN: 978-2759800414.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>See above:<\/h2>\n<p>Nuclear Engineering<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":14176,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"generate_page_header":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24061"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24061"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24061\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37727,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24061\/revisions\/37727"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14176"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24061"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}