{"id":25597,"date":"2019-11-30T17:08:02","date_gmt":"2019-11-30T17:08:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/?page_id=25597"},"modified":"2023-06-17T05:39:42","modified_gmt":"2023-06-17T05:39:42","slug":"ionizing-radiation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/ionizing-radiation\/","title":{"rendered":"Ionizing Radiation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"sue-shadow-wrap sue-content-wrap sue-shadow-inline-no\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"sue-shadow sue-shadow-style-vertical\">\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"sue-panel\" data-url=\"\" data-target=\"self\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:0px;-moz-border-radius:0px;-webkit-border-radius:0px;box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;border:1px solid #cccccc\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"sue-panel-content sue-content-wrap\" style=\"padding:15px;text-align:left\">\n<div class=\"su-heading su-heading-style-modern-1-dark su-heading-align-left\" id=\"\" style=\"font-size:13px;margin-bottom:20px\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-heading-inner\">\n<h2>Article Summary &amp; FAQs<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<h3>What is ionizing radiation?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ionizing radiation<\/strong> comprises particles or electromagnetic waves that create the ionizing effect. The kinetic energy of particles (<strong>photons, electrons, etc.<\/strong>) of ionizing radiation\u00a0<strong>is sufficient, and the particle can ionize<\/strong> (to form ions by losing electrons) and target atoms to form ions.<\/p>\n<h3>Key Facts<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Ionizing radiation has different ionization mechanisms and may be grouped as follows:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Directly ionizing<\/strong>. Charged particles (<strong>atomic nuclei, electrons, positrons, protons, muons, etc.<\/strong>) can ionize atoms directly by fundamental interaction through the Coulomb force if it carries sufficient kinetic energy.\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Alpha Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/alpha-radiation\/\"><strong>Alpha radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Alpha radiation consists of <a title=\"Alpha Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\">alpha particles<\/a> at high energy\/speed. The production of alpha particles is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/alpha-decay-alpha-radioactivity\/\">alpha decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Beta Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/beta-radiation\/\"><strong>Beta radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Beta radiation consists of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/\">free electrons<\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron\/what-is-positron-properties\/\">positrons<\/a> at relativistic speeds. The production of beta particles is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/beta-decay-beta-radioactivity\/\">beta decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indirectly ionizing<\/strong>. Indirect ionizing radiation is electrically neutral particles and therefore does not interact strongly with matter.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Photon radiation<\/strong>\u00a0(<a title=\"Gamma Rays \/ Gamma Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">Gamma rays<\/a>\u00a0or <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/x-rays-roentgen-radiation\/\">X-rays<\/a>). Photon radiation consists of high-energy <a title=\"Photon \u2013 Fundamental Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/\">photons<\/a>. According to the currently valid definition,\u00a0<strong>X-rays are emitted by electrons<\/strong>\u00a0outside the nucleus, while\u00a0<strong>gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus<\/strong>.\u00a0The production of gamma rays is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/gamma-decay-gamma-radioactivity\/\">gamma decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\"><strong>Neutron radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Neutron radiation consists of <a title=\"Free Neutron\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/free-neutron\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free neutrons<\/a> at any energy\/speed. Nuclear<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/what-is-nuclear-reactor\/\">\u00a0reactors<\/a> or in-flight can produce this type of radiation, and <strong>neutrons\u00a0contribute 40 \u2013 80%<\/strong>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/equivalent-dose\/\">equivalent dose.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>There are three main types of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/detectors-of-ionization-radiation\/\">radiation detectors<\/a>, which record different types of signals.\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/ga搜索引擎优化us-ionization-detector\/geiger-counter-geiger-mueller-detector\/\"><strong>Counter<\/strong><\/a>. The\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/activity-specific-activity\/\">activity<\/a>\u00a0or intensity of radiation is measured in\u00a0<strong>counts per second<\/strong> (cps).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/gamma-spectroscopy\/gamma-ray-spectroscope\/\"><strong>Radiation Spectrometer<\/strong><\/a>. Spectrometers are devices designed to measure the spectral power distribution of a source.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-dosimetry\/radiation-dosimeter\/personal-dosimeter\/\"><strong>Dosimeter<\/strong><\/a>. A radiation dosimeter is a device that measures exposure to ionizing radiation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>In general, there are two broad categories of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/\"><strong>radiation sources<\/strong><\/a>:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/natural-background-radiation\/\"><strong>Natural Background Radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Natural background radiation includes radiation produced by the Sun, lightning, primordial radioisotopes or supernova explosions, etc.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/man-made-sources-of-radiation\/\"><strong>Man-Made Sources of Radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Manufactured sources include medical uses of radiation, residues from nuclear tests, industrial uses of radiation, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/quantities-and-units-of-radiation\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-25493\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Radiation-Measuring-and-Monitoring-Quantities-and-Limits-min-300x176.png\" alt=\"Radiation Measuring and Monitoring - Quantities and Limits\" width=\"300\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Radiation-Measuring-and-Monitoring-Quantities-and-Limits-min-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Radiation-Measuring-and-Monitoring-Quantities-and-Limits-min-768x450.png 768w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Radiation-Measuring-and-Monitoring-Quantities-and-Limits-min-1024x600.png 1024w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Radiation-Measuring-and-Monitoring-Quantities-and-Limits-min.png 1141w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:10px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\">\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-modern-light su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>Fear of Radiation \u2013 Is it rational?<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><strong>Fear of Radiation \u2013 Is it rational?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Radiation is all around us.<\/strong>\u00a0We are continually exposed to\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/sources-of-radiation\/natural-background-radiation\/\">natural background radiation<\/a>, which seems to be without any problem. Yes,\u00a0<strong>high doses<\/strong> of ionizing radiation are harmful and potentially lethal to living beings, but these doses must be high. Moreover, what is not harmful in high doses? Even a high amount of water can be lethal to living beings.<\/p>\n<p>The truth about<strong>\u00a0low-dose radiation<\/strong> health effects still needs to be found. It is unknown whether these low doses of radiation are detrimental or beneficial (and where is the threshold).<\/p>\n<p>But finally, if you compare risks, which arise from the existence of the radiation, natural or artificial, with risks, which arise from everyday life, then you must conclude that<strong>\u00a0fear of radiation is irrational<\/strong>. Humans are often inconsistent in our treatment of perceived risks. Even though two situations may have similar risks, people will find one situation permissible and another unjustifiably dangerous.<\/p>\n<p>See also:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/fear-of-radiation-is-it-rational\/\"><strong>Fear of Radiation \u2013 Is it rational?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-modern-light su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>What are the 4 types of radiation?<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<strong>What are the 4 types of radiation?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ionizing radiation has different ionization mechanisms and may be grouped as follows:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Directly ionizing<\/strong>. Charged particles (<strong>atomic nuclei, electrons, positrons, protons, muons, etc.<\/strong>) can ionize atoms directly by fundamental interaction through the Coulomb force if it carries sufficient kinetic energy.\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Alpha Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/alpha-radiation\/\"><strong>Alpha radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Alpha radiation consists of <a title=\"Alpha Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\">alpha particles<\/a> at high energy\/speed. The production of alpha particles is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/alpha-decay-alpha-radioactivity\/\">alpha decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Beta Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/beta-radiation\/\"><strong>Beta radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Beta radiation consists of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/\">free electrons<\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron\/what-is-positron-properties\/\">positrons<\/a> at relativistic speeds. The production of beta particles is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/beta-decay-beta-radioactivity\/\">beta decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indirectly ionizing<\/strong>. Indirect ionizing radiation is electrically neutral particles and therefore does not interact strongly with matter.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Photon radiation<\/strong>\u00a0(<a title=\"Gamma Rays \/ Gamma Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">Gamma rays<\/a>\u00a0or <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/x-rays-roentgen-radiation\/\">X-rays<\/a>). Photon radiation consists of high-energy <a title=\"Photon \u2013 Fundamental Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/\">photons<\/a>. According to the currently valid definition,\u00a0<strong>X-rays are emitted by electrons<\/strong>\u00a0outside the nucleus, while\u00a0<strong>gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus<\/strong>.\u00a0The production of gamma rays is termed <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radioactive-decay\/gamma-decay-gamma-radioactivity\/\">gamma decay<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\"><strong>Neutron radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Neutron radiation consists of <a title=\"Free Neutron\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/free-neutron\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free neutrons<\/a> at any energy\/speed. Nuclear<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/what-is-nuclear-reactor\/\">\u00a0reactors<\/a> or in-flight can produce this type of radiation, and <strong>neutrons\u00a0contribute 40 \u2013 80%<\/strong>\u00a0of the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/equivalent-dose\/\">equivalent dose.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-modern-light su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>What are typical doses of radiation?<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<strong>What are typical doses of radiation?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>We must note that<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/\">\u00a0radiation<\/a> is all around us. In, around, and above the world we live in. It is a natural energy force that surrounds us, and it is a part of our natural world that has been here since the birth of our planet. In the following points, we try to express enormous ranges of radiation exposure, which can be obtained from various sources.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>0.05 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Sleeping next to someone<\/li>\n<li><strong>0.09 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Living within 30 miles of a nuclear power plant for a year<\/li>\n<li><strong>0.1 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Eating one banana<\/li>\n<li><strong>0.3 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Living within 50 miles of a coal power plant for a year<\/li>\n<li><strong>10 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Average daily dose received from natural background<\/li>\n<li><strong>20 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Chest X-ray<\/li>\n<li><strong>40 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 A 5-hour airplane flight<\/li>\n<li><strong>600 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 mammogram<\/li>\n<li><strong>1 000 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Dose limit for individual members of the public, total effective dose per annum<\/li>\n<li><strong>3 650 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Average yearly dose received from natural background<\/li>\n<li><strong>5 800 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Chest CT scan<\/li>\n<li><strong>10 000 \u00b5Sv<\/strong> \u2013 Average yearly dose received from a natural background in Ramsar, Iran<\/li>\n<li><strong>20 000 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 single full-body CT scan<\/li>\n<li><strong>175 000 \u00b5Sv<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Annual dose from natural radiation on a monazite beach near Guarapari, Brazil.<\/li>\n<li><strong>5 000 000 \u00b5Sv<\/strong> \u2013 Dose that kills a human with a 50% risk within 30 days (LD50\/30) if the dose is received over a\u00a0<strong>very short duration<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<p><strong>Ionizing radiation<\/strong> is any radiation (<span class=\"ILfuVd\">particles or electromagnetic waves<\/span>) that carries enough energy to knock electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. For ionizing radiation, the kinetic energy of particles (<strong>photons, electrons, etc.<\/strong>) <strong>is sufficient, and the particle can ionize<\/strong> (to form ions by losing electrons) to target atoms to form ions.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_24861\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-24861\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/ionizing-radiation-hazard-symbol.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24861\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/ionizing-radiation-hazard-symbol.png\" alt=\"ionizing radiation - hazard symbol\" width=\"220\" height=\"192\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-24861\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">ionizing radiation &#8211; hazard symbol<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation is not sharply defined since different molecules and atoms ionize at different energies. This is typical for electromagnetic waves. Among electromagnetic waves belong in the order of increasing frequency (energy) and decreasing wavelength: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. <a title=\"Gamma Rays \/ Gamma Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">Gamma rays<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/x-rays-roentgen-radiation\/\">X-rays<\/a>, and the higher ultraviolet part of the spectrum are ionizing, whereas the lower ultraviolet, visible light (including laser light), infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are considered non-ionizing radiation.<\/p>\n<p>All\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/biological-effects\/\"><strong>biological damage effects<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0begin with the consequence of radiation interactions with the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/atom-properties-of-atoms\/\">atoms<\/a> forming the cells. All living things are composed of one or more cells, and every part of your body consists of cells or was built by them. Although we tend to think of biological effects in terms of the effect of radiation on living cells, in actuality,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/\">ionizing radiation<\/a>, by definition, interacts only with atoms by a process called ionization.<\/p>\n<p>The danger of ionizing radiation lies in the fact that the radiation is invisible and not directly detectable by human senses. People can neither see nor feel radiation, yet it deposits energy into the body&#8217;s molecules. The energy is transferred in small quantities for each interaction between the radiation and a molecule, and there are usually many such interactions.<\/p>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"collapsible-container\">\n<h2>Forms of ionizing radiation<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_317\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-317 lazy-loaded\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation-174x300.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 174px) 100vw, 174px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation-174x300.png 174w, http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation-595x1024.png 595w, http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation.png 680w\" alt=\"Interaction of Radiation with Matter\" width=\"174\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation-174x300.png\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Interaction of Radiation with Matter<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Ionizing radiation<\/strong> is categorized by the nature of the particles or electromagnetic waves that create the ionizing effect. These <strong>particles\/waves<\/strong> have different ionization mechanisms and may be grouped as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Directly ionizing<\/strong>. Charged particles (<strong>atomic nuclei, electrons, positrons, protons, muons, etc.<\/strong>) can ionize atoms directly by fundamental interaction through the Coulomb force if it carries sufficient kinetic energy. These particles must be moving at relativistic speeds to reach the required kinetic energy. Even photons (gamma rays and X-rays) can ionize atoms directly (despite they are electrically neutral) through the Photoelectric effect and the Compton effect, but secondary (indirect) ionization is much more significant.\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Alpha Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/alpha-radiation\/\"><strong>Alpha radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Alpha radiation consists of <a title=\"Alpha Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\">alpha particles<\/a> at high energy\/speed. The production of alpha particles is termed alpha decay. Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus. Alpha particles are relatively large and carry a double positive charge. They are not very penetrating, and a piece of paper can stop them. They travel only a few centimeters but deposit all their energies along their short paths.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Beta Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/beta-radiation\/\"><strong>Beta radiation<\/strong><\/a>. Beta radiation consists of free electrons or positrons at relativistic speeds. <a title=\"Beta Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/\">Beta particles<\/a> (electrons) are much smaller than alpha particles and carry a single negative charge. They are more penetrating than alpha particles, but thin aluminum metal can stop them. They can travel several meters but deposit less energy at any point along their paths than alpha particles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Indirectly ionizing<\/strong>. Indirect ionizing radiation is electrically neutral particles and therefore does not interact strongly with matter. The bulk of the ionization effects is due to secondary ionizations.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Photon radiation<\/strong> (<a title=\"Gamma Rays \/ Gamma Radiation\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">Gamma rays<\/a> or X-rays). Photon radiation consists of high-energy <a title=\"Photon \u2013 Fundamental Particle\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/\">photons<\/a>. These photons are particles\/waves (Wave-Particle Duality) without rest mass or electrical charge. They can travel 10 meters or more in the air, which is a long distance compared to alpha or beta particles. However, gamma rays deposit less energy along their paths. Lead, water, and concrete stop gamma radiation. Photons (gamma rays and X-rays) can ionize atoms directly through the Photoelectric effect and the Compton effect, where the relatively energetic electron is produced. The secondary electron will go on to produce <strong>multiple ionization<\/strong> events; therefore, the secondary (indirect) ionization is much more significant.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Neutron radiation<\/strong>. Neutron radiation consists of <a title=\"Free Neutron\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/free-neutron\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free neutrons<\/a> at any energy\/speed.<a title=\"Neutron\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Neutrons<\/a> can be emitted by <a title=\"Nuclear Fission\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nuclear fission<\/a> or by the <a title=\"Radioactive decay \u2013 Nuclear Decay\" href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/radioactive-decay\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decay<\/a> of some radioactive atoms. Neutrons have zero electrical charges and cannot directly cause ionization, and neutrons ionize matter <strong>only indirectly<\/strong>. For example, proton radiation (fast protons) results when neutrons strike the hydrogen nuclei. Neutrons can range from high-speed, high-energy particles to low-speed, low-energy particles (called thermal neutrons). Neutrons can travel hundreds of feet in the air without any interaction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>High-LET and Low-LET Radiation<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_25310\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25310\" style=\"width: 493px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Radiation-weighting-factors-current-ICRP.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-25310\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Radiation-weighting-factors-current-ICRP.png\" alt=\"Radiation weighting factors - current - ICRP\" width=\"503\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Radiation-weighting-factors-current-ICRP.png 560w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Radiation-weighting-factors-current-ICRP-300x159.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 503px) 100vw, 503px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-25310\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: ICRP Publ. 103: The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As was written, each type of radiation <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/interaction-radiation-matter\/\"><strong>interacts with matter in a different way<\/strong><\/a>. For example, charged particles with high energies can directly ionize atoms. <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\">Alpha particles<\/a> are fairly massive and carry a double positive charge, so they tend to travel only a short distance and do not penetrate very far into a tissue, if at all. However, alpha particles will deposit their energy over a smaller volume (possibly only a few cells if they enter a body) and cause more damage to those few cells.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/beta-particle\/\">Beta particles<\/a> (electrons) are much smaller than alpha particles and carry a single negative charge. They are more penetrating than alpha particles and can travel several meters but deposit less energy at any point along their paths than alpha particles. This means beta particles tend to damage more cells but with lesser damage. On the other hand, electrically neutral particles interact indirectly but can also transfer some or all of their energies to the matter.<\/p>\n<p>It would certainly simplify matters if the <strong>biological effects<\/strong> of radiation were directly proportional to the <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/absorbed-dose\/\">absorbed dose<\/a>. Unfortunately, <strong>biological effects<\/strong> also depend on how the absorbed dose is distributed along the radiation path. Studies have shown that alpha and neutron radiation cause greater biological damage for a given energy deposition per kg of tissue than gamma radiation does.<span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0Biological effects of any radiation\u00a0<\/span><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">increase<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0with the\u00a0<\/span><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">linear energy transfer<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0(LET) were discovered.<\/span>\u00a0In short, the biological damage from <strong>high-LET radiation<\/strong> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\">alpha particles<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/what-is-proton-properties-of-proton\/\">protons<\/a>, or <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/\">neutrons<\/a>) is much greater than that from <strong>low-LET radiation<\/strong> (<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">gamma rays<\/a>). This is because the living tissue can more easily repair damage from radiation spread over a large area than concentrated in a small area. Of course, at very high levels of exposure, gamma rays can still cause a great deal of damage to tissues.<\/p>\n<p>Because more biological damage is caused for the same physical dose (i.e., the same energy deposited per unit mass of tissue), one <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/absorbed-dose\/gray-unit-of-radiation-dose\/\">gray<\/a> of alpha or neutron radiation is more harmful than one gray of gamma radiation. The fact that radiations of different types (and energies) give different biological effects for the same absorbed dose is described in terms of factors known as the <strong>relative biological effectiveness<\/strong> (RBE) and the <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/equivalent-dose\/radiation-weighting-factor\/\"><strong>radiation weighting factor<\/strong><\/a> (wR).<\/p>\n<p>The<strong> radiation weighting factor<\/strong> is a dimensionless factor used to determine the equivalent dose from the absorbed dose averaged over a tissue or organ based on the type of radiation absorbed. The resulting weighted dose was designated as the organ- or tissue equivalent dose:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/equivalent-dose-equation-definition.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25373\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/equivalent-dose-equation-definition.png\" alt=\"equivalent dose - equation - definition\" width=\"444\" height=\"159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/equivalent-dose-equation-definition.png 444w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/equivalent-dose-equation-definition-300x107.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 444px) 100vw, 444px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/equivalent-dose-definition-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-25395\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/equivalent-dose-definition-min-300x267.png\" alt=\"equivalent dose - definition\" width=\"300\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/equivalent-dose-definition-min-300x267.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/equivalent-dose-definition-min-768x683.png 768w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/equivalent-dose-definition-min.png 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>An equivalent dose of <strong>one Sievert<\/strong> represents that quantity of radiation dose equivalent to specified <strong>biological damage<\/strong>\u00a0to <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/absorbed-dose\/gray-unit-of-radiation-dose\/\"><strong>one gray<\/strong><\/a> of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/x-rays-roentgen-radiation\/\">X-rays<\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">gamma rays<\/a>. An <strong>equivalent\u00a0dose<\/strong> is a<strong> non-physical quantity<\/strong> (w<sub>R<\/sub> is derived from biological consequences of ionizing radiation) widely used in dosimetry measured by dosimeters. The ICRP designates an equivalent dose as a &#8220;limiting quantity&#8221;; to specify exposure limits to ensure that &#8220;the occurrence of stochastic health effects is kept below unacceptable levels and those tissue reactions are avoided.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2>Ionization Energy<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Ionization energy<\/strong>, also called<strong> ionization potential<\/strong>, is the energy necessary to<strong> remove an electron<\/strong> from the neutral atom.<\/p>\n<p><strong>X + energy \u2192 X<sup>+<\/sup> + e<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X<sup>+<\/sup> is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e<sup>\u2212<\/sup> is the removed electron.<\/p>\n<p>A nitrogen atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.<\/p>\n<p><strong>N + IE \u2192 N<sup>+<\/sup> + e<sup>\u2212<\/sup> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0IE = 14.5 eV<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The ionization energy associated with removing the first electron is most commonly used. The <em>n<\/em>th ionization energy refers to the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the species with a charge of (<em>n<\/em>-1).<\/p>\n<p>1st ionization energy<\/p>\n<p>X \u2192 X<sup>+<\/sup> + e<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>2nd ionization energy<\/p>\n<p>X<sup>+<\/sup> \u2192 X<sup>2+<\/sup> + e<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>3rd ionization energy<\/p>\n<p>X<sup>2+<\/sup> \u2192 X<sup>3+<\/sup> + e<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2>Ionization Energy for different Elements<\/h2>\n<p>There is ionization energy for each successive electron removed. The electrons that circle the nucleus move in fairly well-defined orbits. Some of these electrons are more tightly bound in the atom than others. For example, only 7.38 eV is required to remove the outermost electron from a lead atom, while 88,000 eV is required to remove the innermost electron. Helps to understand the reactivity of elements (especially metals, which lose electrons).<\/p>\n<p>In general, the ionization energy increases moving up a group and moving left to the right across a period. Moreover:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ionization energy<\/strong> is lowest for the alkali metals, which have a single electron outside a closed shell.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ionization energy<\/strong> increases across a row on the periodic maximum for the noble gases, which have closed shells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example, sodium requires only 496 kJ\/mol or 5.14 eV\/atom to ionize it. On the other hand, neon, the noble gas immediately preceding it in the periodic table, requires 2081 kJ\/mol or 21.56 eV\/atom.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16766\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16766\" style=\"width: 1129px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Ionization-energy-first-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16766\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Ionization-energy-first-min.png\" alt=\"Ionization energy\" width=\"1139\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Ionization-energy-first-min.png 1139w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Ionization-energy-first-min-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Ionization-energy-first-min-1024x388.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1139px) 100vw, 1139px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16766\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: wikipedia.org License: CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:20px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References:<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p><strong>Radiation Protection:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Knoll, Glenn F., Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8\/2010. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480.<\/li>\n<li>Stabin, Michael G., Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics, Springer, 10\/2010. ISBN-13: 978-1441923912.<\/li>\n<li>Martin, James E., Physics for Radiation Protection 3rd Edition, Wiley-VCH, 4\/2013. ISBN-13: 978-3527411764.<\/li>\n<li>U.S.NRC, NUCLEAR REACTOR CONCEPTS<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Nuclear and Reactor Physics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983).<\/li>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/li>\n<li>W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.<\/li>\n<li>Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317<\/li>\n<li>W.S.C. Williams. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467<\/li>\n<li>G.R.Keepin. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co; 1st edition, 1965<\/li>\n<li>Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988.<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993.<\/li>\n<li>Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. EDP Sciences, 2008. ISBN: 978-2759800414.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>See above:<\/h2>\n<p>Radiation<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ionizing radiation is any radiation (particles or electromagnetic waves) that carries enough energy to knock electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. For ionizing radiation, the kinetic energy of particles (photons, electrons, etc.) is sufficient, and the particle can ionize (to form ions by losing electrons) to target atoms to form ions. The boundary &#8230; <a title=\"Ionizing Radiation\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/radiation\/ionizing-radiation\/\" aria-label=\"More on Ionizing Radiation\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":11325,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"generate_page_header":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25597"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25597"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25597\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37964,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25597\/revisions\/37964"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11325"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}