{"id":27080,"date":"2020-04-18T05:12:43","date_gmt":"2020-04-18T05:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/?page_id=27080"},"modified":"2023-07-22T08:54:10","modified_gmt":"2023-07-22T08:54:10","slug":"portable-survey-meters-gamma-survey-meter","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-dosimetry\/radiation-dosimeter\/dosimetry-in-nuclear-power-plants\/portable-survey-meters-gamma-survey-meter\/","title":{"rendered":"Portable Survey Meters &#8211; Gamma Survey Meter"},"content":{"rendered":"<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><strong>Portable survey meters<\/strong> are <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/detectors-of-ionization-radiation\/\">radiation detectors<\/a> used by radiological technicians to measure <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/protection-from-exposures\/radiation-dose-measuring-and-monitoring-operational-quantities\/\">ambient dose rates<\/a>. These portable instruments usually have rate meters. In nuclear facilities, these <strong>portable survey meters<\/strong> are typically used by radiation protection technicians, which are responsible for following operations in the field to help assure that radiation protection policies are carried out and that jobs are implemented by the <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/protection-from-exposures\/alara\/alara-and-alarp-principle\/\">ALARA principle<\/a>. Their responsibilities include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Providing assistance and advice to workers to motivate them to adopt an ALARA behavior.<\/li>\n<li>Following jobs to ensure the respect of safety and radiation protection procedures.<\/li>\n<li>Some plants stop work in case of serious deviation from dosimetric objectives or when there is a significantly increasing radiological risk for workers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The typical radiation survey meter is, for example, the <strong>RDS-31<\/strong>, which is a multi-purpose radiation survey meter that uses a <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/ga搜索引擎优化us-ionization-detector\/geiger-counter-geiger-mueller-detector\/\">G-M detector<\/a>. It has optional alpha, beta, and gamma external probes. It measures 3.9 x 2.6 x 1.3 inches and can be handheld, or worn by pocket, belt clip, or pouch. It has a five-digit, backlit LCD display. Geiger counters operate at such a high voltage that the size of the output pulse is always the same, regardless of how many ion pairs were created in the detector. Geiger counters are mainly used for <strong>portable instrumentation<\/strong> due to their sensitivity, simple counting circuit, and ability to detect low-level radiation. Although the major use of Geiger counters is probably in individual particle detection, they are also found in <strong>gamma survey meters<\/strong>. They can detect almost all types of radiation, but there are slight differences in the <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/ga搜索引擎优化us-ionization-detector\/geiger-counter-geiger-mueller-detector\/geiger-muller-tube-geiger-chamber\/\">Geiger-Mueller tube<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/protection-from-exposures\/radiation-dose-measuring-and-monitoring-operational-quantities\/\">operational quantities for the <strong>area <\/strong>and <strong>individual monitoring<\/strong><\/a> of external exposures are defined by the ICRP. The operational quantities for <strong>area monitoring<\/strong> are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/protection-from-exposures\/radiation-dose-measuring-and-monitoring-operational-quantities\/ambient-dose-equivalent\/\"><strong>Ambient dose equivalent<\/strong><\/a>, H*(10). The ambient dose equivalent is an operational quantity for area monitoring of strongly penetrating radiation.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-protection\/protection-from-exposures\/radiation-dose-measuring-and-monitoring-operational-quantities\/directional-dose-equivalent\/\"><strong>Directional dose equivalent<\/strong><\/a>, H\u2019 (d, \u03a9). The directional dose equivalent is an operational quantity for area monitoring weakly penetrating radiation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>See also: Work Management to Optimise Occupational Radiological Protection at Nuclear Power Plants. NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY, OECD 2009. ISBN 978-92-64-99089-0.<\/p>\n<p>See also: The Radiation Dosimeters for Response and Recovery Market Survey Report. National Urban Security Technology Laboratory. SAVER-T-MSR-4. &lt;available from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Radiation-Dosimeters-Response-Recovery-MSR_0616-508_0.pdf\">https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Radiation-Dosimeters-Response-Recovery-MSR_0616-508_0.pdf<\/a>&gt;.<\/p>\n<h2>High-pressure Ionization Chamber \u2013 Gamma Survey Meter<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/ga搜索引擎优化us-ionization-detector\/ionization-chamber-ion-chamber\/\">Ion chambers<\/a> may also be used as the <strong>Emergency Gamma Survey Meter<\/strong>, the Beta Survey Meter, and the Tritium-in-Air Monitor. They are very useful for <strong>high levels of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">gamma radiation<\/a><\/strong>. But in this case, there are some difficulties.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/ionization-chamber-basic-principle.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-26132\" src=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/ionization-chamber-basic-principle-202x300.png\" alt=\"ionization chamber - basic principle\" width=\"202\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/ionization-chamber-basic-principle-202x300.png 202w, https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/ionization-chamber-basic-principle.png 451w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 202px) 100vw, 202px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/photon\/gamma-ray\/\">Gamma rays<\/a> have very little trouble penetrating the metal walls of the chamber. Therefore, ionization chambers may be used to detect gamma radiation and <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-detection\/detectors-of-ionization-radiation\/detection-of-x-rays-detector-of-x-rays\/\">X-rays<\/a>, collectively known as photons, and for this, the windowless tube is used. Ionization chambers have a uniform response to radiation over a wide range of energies and are the preferred means of measuring high levels of gamma radiation. Some problems are caused by the fact, that <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/alpha-particle\/\">alpha particles<\/a> are more ionizing than beta particles, and gamma rays, so more current is produced in the ionization chamber region by alpha than beta and gamma. Gamma rays deposit a significantly lower amount of energy into the detector than other particles.<\/p>\n<p>The efficiency of the chamber can be further increased by the use of <strong>high-pressure gas<\/strong>. Typically a pressure of 8-10 atmospheres can be used, and various noble gases are employed. For example, <strong>high-pressure xenon (HPXe) ionization chambers<\/strong> are ideal for use in uncontrolled environments, as a detector\u2019s response is uniform over large temperature ranges (20\u2013170\u00b0C). The higher pressure results in a <strong>greater gas density<\/strong> and thereby a greater chance of collision with the fill gas and ion-pair creation by incident gamma radiation. Because of the increased wall thickness required to withstand this high pressure, only gamma radiation can be detected. These detectors are used in <strong>survey meters<\/strong> and for environmental monitoring.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References:<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p><strong>Radiation Protection:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Knoll, Glenn F., Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8\/2010. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480.<\/li>\n<li>Stabin, Michael G., Radiation Protection, and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics, Springer, 10\/2010. ISBN-13: 978-1441923912.<\/li>\n<li>Martin, James E., Physics for Radiation Protection 3rd Edition, Wiley-VCH, 4\/2013. ISBN-13: 978-3527411764.<\/li>\n<li>U.S.NRC, NUCLEAR REACTOR CONCEPTS<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Instrumentation, and Control. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 of 2. June 1992.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Nuclear and Reactor Physics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983).<\/li>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/li>\n<li>W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.<\/li>\n<li>Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317<\/li>\n<li>W.S.C. Williams. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467<\/li>\n<li>G.R.Keepin. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co; 1st edition, 1965<\/li>\n<li>Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988.<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993.<\/li>\n<li>Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. EDP Sciences, 2008. ISBN: 978-2759800414.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>See above:<\/h2>\n<p>Dosimetry in NPPs<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/radiation-dosimetry\/radiation-dosimeter\/dosimetry-in-nuclear-power-plants\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":26948,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"generate_page_header":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27080"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27080"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27080\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38539,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27080\/revisions\/38539"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26948"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}