{"id":28009,"date":"2020-11-23T20:50:07","date_gmt":"2020-11-23T20:50:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/?page_id=28009"},"modified":"2023-08-10T06:58:19","modified_gmt":"2023-08-10T06:58:19","slug":"stress-corrosion-cracking-scc","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/toughness\/stress-corrosion-cracking-scc\/","title":{"rendered":"Stress Corrosion Cracking &#8211; SCC"},"content":{"rendered":"<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p>One of the most serious metallurgical problems and a major concern in the nuclear industry is <strong>stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong> (SCC). <strong>Stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong> results from applied <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/strength\/tensile-stress-materials\/\"><strong>tensile stress<\/strong><\/a> and a <strong>corrosive environment combined<\/strong>. Both influences are necessary. SCC is a type of intergranular attack corrosion that occurs at the grain boundaries under tensile stress. It tends to propagate as stress opens cracks subject to corrosion, which are then corroded further, weakening the metal by further cracking. The cracks can follow intergranular or transgranular paths, and there is often a tendency for crack branching. Failure behavior is characteristic of a brittle material, even though the metal alloy is intrinsically ductile. SCC can lead to unexpected sudden failure of normally ductile metal alloys subjected to tensile stress, especially at elevated temperatures. SCC is highly chemically specific in that certain alloys are likely to undergo SCC only when exposed to a small number of chemical environments.<\/p>\n<p>See also: <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/toughness\/\">Fracture Toughness<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The most effective means of preventing SCC in reactor systems are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>designing properly<\/li>\n<li>reducing stress<\/li>\n<li>removing critical environmental species such as hydroxides, chlorides, and oxygen<\/li>\n<li>avoiding stagnant areas and crevices in heat exchangers where chloride and hydroxide might become concentrated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong> may cause, for example, a failure of <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/fuel-assembly\/fuel-rods-fuel-pins\/\">nuclear fuel rods<\/a> after inappropriate power changes, rod movement, and <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/reactor-operation\/reactor-startup\/\">plant startup<\/a>. Certain austenitic stainless steels and aluminium alloys crack in the presence of chlorides, and mild steel cracks in the presence of alkali (boiler cracking). Low alloy steels are less susceptible than high alloy steels but are subject to SCC in water containing chloride ions. Nickel-based alloys, however, are not affected by chloride or hydroxide ions. An example of a nickel-based alloy resistant to stress-corrosion cracking is Inconel.<\/p>\n<p>Special Reference: U.S. Department of Energy, Material Science.\u00a0DOE Fundamentals Handbook,\u00a0Volume 1 and 2.\u00a0January\u00a01993.<\/p>\n<h3>Stress-corrosion Cracking as Fuel Failure Mechanism<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/fuel-assembly\/fuel-cladding-cladding-tube\/\"><strong>Cladding<\/strong><\/a> prevents <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/fission-fragments\/\">radioactive fission products<\/a> from escaping the fuel matrix into the reactor coolant and contaminating it. Various <a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/fuel-assembly\/fuel-cladding-cladding-tube\/loss-of-tightness-of-fuel-cladding-fuel-reliability\/\">fuel failure root causes<\/a> have been identified in the past. IThesecauses were predominantly fabrication defects or fretting in the early days of PWR and BWR operations. One possible cause is the pellet-cladding interaction (PCI), which may be caused by stress-corrosion cracking. <strong>Stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong> may cause, for example, a failure of nuclear fuel rods after inappropriate power changes, rod movement, and plant startup.<\/p>\n<p>In nominal operating conditions, pellet temperature stands at about 1,000\u00b0 C at the center and 400\u2013500\u00b0 C at the periphery. If there is a major increase in power, the temperature at the pellet center rises steeply (&gt; 1,500\u00b0 C, or even &gt; 2,000\u00b0 C). In this case, a difference in <a href=\"https:\/\/material-properties.org\/thermal-expansion-coefficient-of-chemical-elements\/\">thermal expansions<\/a> between fuel cladding and fuel pellets causes an increase in stress in the fuel cladding. PCI fuel failure is caused by stress-corrosion cracking on the inside surface of the cladding, which results from the combined effects of fuel pellet expansion (especially at pellet radial cracks and the presence of an <strong>aggressive fission product<\/strong> environment (especially <strong>ga搜索引擎优化us iodine<\/strong>). Such a failure occurs experimentally after a few minutes of holding time at sustained high power levels.<\/p>\n<p>Special Reference: CEA, Nuclear Energy Division. Nuclear Fuels, ISBN 978-2-281-11345-7<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span>References:<\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"><strong>Materials Science:<\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Material Science. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993.<\/li>\n<li>U.S. Department of Energy, Material Science. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 and 2. January 1993.<\/li>\n<li>William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction 9th Edition, Wiley; 9 edition (December 4, 2013), ISBN-13: 978-1118324578.<\/li>\n<li>Eberhart, Mark (2003). Why Things Break: Understanding the World by the Way It Comes Apart. Harmony. ISBN 978-1-4000-4760-4.<\/li>\n<li>Gaskell, David R. (1995). Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials (4th ed.). Taylor and Francis Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56032-992-3.<\/li>\n<li>Gonz\u00e1lez-Vi\u00f1as, W. &amp; Mancini, H.L. (2004). An Introduction to Materials Science. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07097-1.<\/li>\n<li>Ashby, Michael; Hugh Shercliff; David Cebon (2007). Materials: engineering, science, processing, and design (1st ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-8391-3.<\/li>\n<li>J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"    class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-default\" style=\"margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999\"><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2>See above:<\/h2>\n<p>Toughness<a href=\"http:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-science\/material-properties\/toughness\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-flat\" style=\"color:#606060;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#cccccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px\" target=\"_self\"><span style=\"color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#ffffff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"><i class=\"sui sui-link\" style=\"font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d\"><\/i> <\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div   id="8n9s8rpp6h"     class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":27987,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"generate_page_header":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28009"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28009"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28009\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38849,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28009\/revisions\/38849"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27987"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sitepourvtc.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}